Preliminary study on strontium-rich characteristics of shallow groundwater in Dingtao Area, China
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Abstract: Based on the analysis of element correlation, the Gibbs diagram, hydro-geochemical ion ratios, isoline maps of groundwater and soil, and change patterns of strontium content after normalization, the study examines water-rock interaction of shallow groundwater in Dingtao area. The results suggest that strontium in the study area mainly comes from water-rock interactions, and the strata interacting with groundwater are the top of Quaternary and Neogene. The element correlation analysis shows that the formation of strontium-rich groundwater is sufficiently affected by sulfate and carbonate. The Gibbs diagram suggests that the chemical composition of groundwater is mainly influenced by water-rock interactions, accompanied by evaporation crystallization. c(Ca2++Mg2+)/c(HCO3-+SO42-) reflects that the main reactions in the groundwater system is weathering dissolution of carbonate and sulfate, and ion exchange takes place. c(Na+)/c(Cl-) indicates that Na+ in groundwater may have water-rock interactions with rocks it flows through. c(Cl-)/c(Ca2+) indicates that the hydrodynamic condition in the pumping well is poor and the water circulation is slow. The study examines the macro isoline map change patterns, correlation curves of change of strontium content in groundwater and shallow soil, and correlation curves of change of strontium content in groundwater, shallow soil, and deep soil. The results suggest that the strontium content in the study area has the same change pattern in groundwater and in soil, which further indicates that strontium in the study area comes from water-rock interactions.
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Key words:
- Strontium /
- Water-rock interaction /
- Evaporation concentration /
- Element correlation /
- Gibbs diagram /
- Ion ratio
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Table 1. Statistical analysis of test results of shallow groundwater in the study area
Items Maximum value Minimum value Average value Standard deviation Variation coefficient(%) K+ 118.20 0.63 6.56 19.19 2.93 Na+ 610.00 53.75 213.31 116.26 0.54 Ca2+ 142.90 23.82 48.08 26.67 0.55 Mg2+ 291.75 36.73 132.44 55.91 0.42 NH4+ 60.00 0.04 3.66 12.61 3.44 Fe 0.16 0.00 0.02 0.04 2.44 Al3+ 0.05 0.05 0.05 / / Cl- 790.47 47.50 266.06 174.67 0.66 SO42- 443.61 32.62 191.91 119.57 0.62 HCO3- 949.22 316.41 589.32 157.32 0.27 CO32- 103.74 0.00 40.57 28.03 0.69 F- 2.60 0.20 1.12 0.44 0.39 Br- 0.10 0.10 0.10 / / B- 0.57 0.21 0.37 0.10 0.26 NO2- 9.00 0.02 0.70 1.55 2.21 NO3- 10.95 0.30 0.77 1.65 2.14 HPO42- 8.76 0.00 1.63 1.67 1.02 Total 2 163.04 571.47 1 077.29 391.81 0.36 Total hardness 1 469.92 210.72 665.44 269.47 0.40 Permanent hardness 920.03 0.00 161.22 210.05 1.30 Temporary hardness 840.28 210.72 504.22 131.74 0.26 Negative hardness 147.64 0.00 14.94 38.43 2.57 Total alkalinity 840.28 302.75 519.15 121.07 0.23 Strontium (Sr) 5.14 0.71 2.40 0.88 0.37 Lithium (Li) 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.38 Barium (Ba) 0.67 0.01 0.10 0.14 1.38 Manganese (Mn) 2.32 0.01 0.51 0.75 1.47 Intracellular free CO2 2.10 2.10 2.10 / / COD 102.84 0.62 15.62 16.88 1.08 H2SiO3 29.12 5.19 18.70 3.95 0.21 SiO2 22.40 3.99 14.38 3.04 0.21 PH 8.73 7.15 7.74 0.29 0.04 Salinity 3 057.69 753.64 1 510.40 562.90 0.37 Solids 2 594.38 535.17 1 215.74 506.30 0.42 Table 2. Correlation coefficient matrix of main chemical elements of groundwater in the study area (n=40)
Number K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4+ Fe Cl- SO42- HCO3- CO32- NO3- Total hardness Sr Li Ba H2SiO3 pH Salinity Solids K+ 1.000 -0.099 0.194 -0.157 0.126 0.513 -0.045 -0.059 0.040 -0.144 0.947 -0.087 -0.154 0.635 -0.146 0.462 -0.008 -0.007 -0.014 Na+ 1.000 0.392 0.632 0.391 0.308 0.789 0.823 0.668 0.044 -0.178 0.637 0.526 0.288 -0.109 -0.043 -0.356 0.902 0.899 Ca2+ 1.000 0.495 0.676 0.614 0.697 0.625 0.250 0.009 0.114 0.670 0.692 0.066 -0.164 -0.006 -0.423 0.621 0.651 Mg2+ 1.000 0.089 -0.007 0.889 0.791 0.580 -0.054 -0.172 0.977 0.884 0.088 -0.024 -0.109 -0.449 0.853 0.858 NH4+ 1.000 0.892 0.361 0.341 0.431 0.051 -0.034 0.244 0.322 0.006 -0.081 0.040 -0.276 0.459 0.443 Fe 1.000 0.276 0.291 0.263 -0.031 0.259 0.146 0.220 -0.036 -0.102 -0.068 -0.243 0.339 0.335 Cl- 1.000 0.858 0.544 -0.038 -0.070 0.932 0.848 0.166 -0.028 -0.090 -0.464 0.934 0.954 SO42- 1.000 0.475 0.050 -0.142 0.831 0.719 0.174 -0.106 -0.154 -0.341 0.898 0.924 HCO3- 1.000 -0.323 -0.091 0.557 0.483 0.223 -0.103 0.162 -0.599 0.753 0.682 CO32- 1.000 -0.109 -0.044 0.043 -0.027 0.029 -0.174 0.606 -0.042 0.003 NO3- 1.000 -0.118 -0.154 0.545 -0.089 0.441 0.044 -0.095 -0.091 Tota hardness 1.000 0.926 0.092 -0.061 -0.094 -0.488 0.882 0.894 Sr 1.000 -0.068 -0.053 -0.187 -0.427 0.784 0.797 Li 1.000 -0.236 0.599 -0.055 0.247 0.240 Ba 1.000 -0.080 0.012 -0.099 -0.095 H2SiO3 1.000 -0.263 -0.022 -0.049 pH 1.000 -0.500 -0.463 Salinity 1.000 0.995 Table 3. Matrix of significant differences of major chemical elements of groundwater in the study area (n=40)
Number Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4+ Fe Cl- SO42- HCO3- CO32- NO3- Total hardness Sr Li Ba H2SiO3 pH Salinity Solids K+ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.428 0.037 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.061 0.000 0.175 0.035 0.037 0.000 0.697 0.000 0.000 Na+ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.116 0.419 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Ca2+ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.223 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Mg2+ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 NH4+ 0.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.155 0.000 0.528 0.072 0.078 0.000 0.044 0.000 0.000 Fe 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.074 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Cl- 0.030 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 SO42- 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 HCO3- 0.000 0.000 0.127 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 CO32- 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 NO3- 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Total hardness 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Sr 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Li 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Ba 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 H2SiO3 0.000 0.000 0.000 pH 0.000 0.000 Salinity 0.016 Table 4. Statistical table of strontium content in groundwater and shallow soil at the same sampling site
Number Ground-water Sr (mg/L) Shallow soil Sr (mg/L) Number Ground-water Sr (mg/L) Shallow soil Sr (mg/L) Number Groundwater Sr (mg/L) Shallow soil Sr (mg/L) DQ01 3.44 208.60 DQ14 2.75 263.70 DQ28 3.25 250.20 DQ02 2.09 214.60 DQ15 0.71 192.80 DQ29 1.71 234.52 DQ03 2.91 248.10 DQ17 1.27 244.30 DQ30 1.97 184.80 DQ04 2.18 222.42 DQ18 4.73 268.10 DQ31 2.11 205.17 DQ05 2.06 230.20 DQ19 1.85 190.50 DQ32 1.81 207.79 DQ06 2.52 227.78 DQ20 1.89 215.40 DQ33 3.09 173.20 DQ07 1.96 267.80 DQ21 2.74 194.40 DQ34 2.77 235.40 DQ08 3.31 204.00 DQ22 1.92 252.90 DQ35 1.95 242.00 DQ09 2.14 217.27 DQ23 1.58 245.70 DQ36 2.30 216.50 DQ10 5.14 230.50 DQ24 2.19 229.80 DQ37 1.73 219.14 DQ11 3.25 200.60 DQ25 2.58 183.10 DQ38 1.73 217.20 DQ12 3.74 196.50 DQ26 2.75 252.20 DQ39 2.53 189.37 DQ13 2.66 209.65 DQ27 1.23 205.10 DQ40 1.72 199.10 Table 5. Statistical table of strontium content in groundwater, shallow soil, and deep soil at the same sampling site
Number Groundwater Sr (mg/L) Shallow soil Sr (mg/L) Deep soil Sr (mg/L) Number Groundwater Sr (mg/L) Shallow soil Sr (mg/L) Deep soil Sr (mg/L) DQ03 2.91 248.10 208.58 DQ19 1.85 190.50 208.10 DQ04 2.18 222.42 253.44 DQ20 1.89 215.40 218.90 DQ06 2.52 227.78 253.43 DQ21 2.74 194.40 217.10 DQ08 3.31 204.00 193.10 DQ24 2.19 229.80 217.11 DQ11 3.25 200.60 212.40 DQ30 1.97 184.80 243.90 DQ12 3.74 196.50 220.50 DQ34 2.77 235.40 212.10 DQ13 2.66 209.65 213.76 DQ39 2.53 189.37 254.28 DQ15 0.71 192.80 215.60 -
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