Luong Van Viet

doi:10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.01.003

doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.01.003

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-06-16
- 录用日期: 2020-08-08
- 刊出日期: 2021-03-28

Effects of urbanization on groundwater level in aquifers of Binh Duong Province, Vietnam

Van Viet Luong^,

Institute for Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

More Information

Corresponding author: Luong Van Viet, E-mail: vietvanluong@gmail.com

摘要

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Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to assess the impact of urbanization on the groundwater level (GWL) in aquifers of Binh Duong (BD) Province. The research method is to analyze the trend of GWL, the recharge capacity of surface over time and the relationship between them. The data of the GWL used in the study are the average values in the dry and rainy seasons of 35 observation wells from 2011 to 2018, which are in Pleistocene and Pliocene aquifers. The ability to recharge groundwater from the surface in this study was represented by the curve number (CN), a parameter used in hydrology for calculating direct runoff or infiltration from rainfall. The land use data to identify the CN was analyzed from the Landsat images. The results show that besides over-exploitation, the change of surface characteristic due to the urbanization development process is also the cause of the GWL decline. The analysis of seasonal GWL data shows that the increase in impervious surface area is the cause of GWL decline in the Pleistocene aquifer, which is more evident in the rainy season than in the dry season. The statistical results also show that in the rainy season and in shallow aquifers, a higher CN change can be found with the wells that had a remarkable GWL decline compared to the remaining wells.
- Urbanization /
- Land use change /
- Impervious surface /
- Curve number /
- Groundwater level

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Figure 1. Location of observation wells

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Figure 2. Land use and land cover in 2011 and 2018

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Figure 3. CN grid around the observation wells in 2011 and 2018

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Figure 4. Change of CN by buffer zones of wells

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Figure 5. Results of MK test and Sen's slope analysis of GWL at observation wells in dry seasons of 2011-2018

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Figure 6. Results of MK test and Sen's Slope analysis of GWL in observation wells in rainy seasons of 2011-2018

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Figure 7. The increase of groundwater extraction in the period of 2011-2018 in the aquifers: a) n₂² and b) n₂¹

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Figure 8. The relation between the rate of GWL reduction and dQ in the aquifer n₂²

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Figure 9. The rate of GWL decline (Sen's slope) in observation wells

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Figure 10. Location of weather stations

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Table 1. Characteristics of the main aquifers in BD

Series	Subseries	Aquifer	Mean thickness (m)	Depth from surface (m)	Lithology	Storage capacity
Pleistocene	Upper	qp₃			Sand, pebble, gravel and clay powder	Very low
	Middle	qp_2-3	13.2	15~30	Pebble, gravel, sand and clay	Low
	Lower	qp₁	20.1	30~50	Sand, pebble and gravel	Medium
Pliocene	Middle	n₂²	16.1	50~80	Fine sand and pebble, sand and clay powder	Medium to high
Pliocene	Lower	n₂¹	43.6	> 80	Sand, pebble, gravel, sand mixed with clay powder	High

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Table 2. Change of built-up areas over the 2011-2018 period

ID	Administrative units	Area (ha)	Built-up areas (ha)		Built-up areas (%)		Increase (%)
ID	Administrative units	Area (ha)	2011	2018	2011	2018	Increase (%)
1	Tan uyen Town	18 363	2 265	8 292	12.3	45.2	32.8
2	Di An Town	6 010	2 794	4 745	46.5	79.0	32.5
3	Thuan An Town	8 373	3 116	5 748	37.2	68.7	31.4
4	Thu Dau Mot City	11 840	2 838	5 960	24.0	50.3	26.4
5	Ben Cat Town	23 486	2 210	7 159	9.4	30.5	21.1
6	Bac Tan Uyen District	40 824	950	5 617	2.3	13.8	11.4
7	Phu Giao District	54 370	781	6 021	1.4	11.1	9.6
8	Bau Bang District	34 047	786	3 731	2.3	11.0	8.7
9	Dau Tieng District	72 044	872	5 201	1.2	7.2	6.0

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Table 3. The average of CN in administrative units

ID	Administrative units	CN mean		△CN
ID	Administrative units	Year 2011	Year 2018	△CN
1	Tan uyen Town	74.1	79.0	4.9
2	Di An Town	80.4	85.0	4.6
3	Thuan An Town	79.2	83.6	4.4
4	Thu Dau Mot City	76.8	80.5	3.7
5	Ben Cat Town	71.2	74.6	3.4
6	Bac Tan Uyen District	68.9	70.9	2
7	Phu Giao District	67.4	69.2	1.8
8	Bau Bang District	67.9	69.7	1.8
9	Dau Tieng District	69.2	70.5	1.3
10	Binh Duong Province	70.0	72.3	2.3

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Table 4. The average of CN in the buffer zone of wells

		Buffer radius
		1 km	3 km	5 km	7 km
CN 2011	Min	65.8	65.9	66.1	66.0
	Max	83.7	83.1	81.2	81.2
	Mean	76.0	74.2	73.6	73.1
CN 2018	Min	68.4	68.5	68.5	67.7
	Max	87.9	87.3	85.9	85.9
	Mean	80.9	79.0	78.2	77.6
△CN	Min	2.2	2.5	2.4	1.7
	Max	7.8	7.7	6.2	6.6
	Mean	4.9	4.8	4.6	4.5

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Table 5. The correlation coefficient (R) between the rate of GWL reduction and dQ

	Dry season			Rainy season			Mean
Buffer radius	1 km	3 km	5 km	1 km	3 km	5 km	1 km	3 km	5 km
qp₁	-0.71	-0.94	-0.87	-0.99	-0.67	-0.29	-0.85	-0.80	-0.58
n₂²	-0.61	-0.63	-0.58	-0.57	-0.67	-0.49	-0.59	-0.65	-0.53
n₂¹	-0.54	-0.55	-0.59	-0.50	-0.62	-0.73	-0.52	-0.59	-0.66

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Table 6. Comparison of GWL trends in rainy season and dry season

Series	Aquifer	The number of wells tends to decrease		Sen's slope (m/a)
		The number of wells tends to decrease		Mean		Max
		Dry season	Rainy season	Dry season	Rainy season	Dry season	Rainy season
Pleistocene	qp_2-3	1	3	-0.33	-0.29	-0.33	-0.56
Pleistocene	qp₁	2	6	-0.33	-0.27	-0.34	-0.61
Pliocene	n₂²	9	10	-0.31	-0.33	-0.65	-0.74
Pliocene	n₂¹	4	5	-0.35	-0.33	-0.57	-0.62

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Table 7. Results of MK test and Sen's Slope analysis of rainfall at weather stations in the 2011-2018 period

Season	Weather station	Sen's slope (mm/season)	Trend	Confidence level (%)
Dry season	Tay Ninh	5.7	Unknown
	Dong Phu	3.1	Unknown
	Tri An	2.5	Unknown
	Tan Son Hoa	2.2	Unknown
	So Sao	9.1	Unknown
Rainy season	Tay Ninh	29.8	Increasing	60
	Dong Phu	42.0	Unknown
	Tri An	24.3	Unknown
	Tan Son Hoa	70.8	Increasing	70
	So Sao	50.0	Increasing	80

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Table 8. Results of MK test and Sen's Slope analysis of rainfall at weather stations in the 1988-2018 period

Season	Weather station	Sen's slope (mm/season)	Trend	Confidence level (%)
Dry season	Tay Ninh	2.1	Unknown
	Dong Phu	4.6	Increasing	80
	Tri An	2.3	Increasing	90
	Tan Son Hoa	6.0	Increasing	98
	So Sao	3.9	Increasing	90
Rainy season	Tay Ninh	2.4	Unknown
	Dong Phu	1.9	Unknown
	Tri An	8.1	Increasing	90
	Tan Son Hoa	7.2	Unknown
	So Sao	3.3	Unknown

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Table 9. Infiltration change in the rainy season over the period of 2011-2018

ID	Administrative units	Infiltration rate (mm/season)		Change (%)
ID	Administrative units	CN of 2011	CN of 2018	Change (%)
1	Tan Uyen Town	570	460	19
2	Di An Town	428	326	24
3	Thuan An Town	455	357	22
4	Thu Dau Mot City	509	426	16

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Table 10. The mean of △CN by group, buffer radius and aquifers

Group	Series	Number	△CN by buffer radius
Group	Series	Number	1 km	3 km	5 km	7 km
1	Pleistocene	6	5.8	5.7	5.4	5.1
1	Pliocene	10	4.6	4.9	4.8	4.8
2	Pleistocene	5	4.8	4.5	4.6	4.5
2	Pliocene	14	4.7	4.5	4.4	4.2
Difference	Pleistocene		1	1.2	0.8	0.6
Difference	Pliocene		-0.1	0.4	0.4	0.6

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