Tanzeel Khan; Muhammad Akhtar Malik; Gohram Malghani; Rabia Akhtar

doi:10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.02.005

doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.02.005

¹,
^1, ,,
¹,
²

计量
- 文章访问数: 755
- HTML全文浏览量: 288
- PDF下载量: 56
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-09-13
- 录用日期: 2022-04-05
- 刊出日期: 2022-06-20

Comparative analysis of bacterial contamination in tap and groundwater: A case study on water quality of Quetta City, an arid zone in Pakistan

1.
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
2.
Department of Psychology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan

More Information

Corresponding author: drmalikma21@gmail.com

摘要

- /
- /
- /
Abstract: Water is an essential element on earth, which provides human a variety of services in domestic use, agriculture, or industries. However, some serious health risks of drinking water are associated with microbial contamination, particularly with fecal matter. Therefore, microbial quality assessment is considered to be a necessary component of water quality assessment. This study investigates microbial contamination of water distributary system around the city by comparing groundwater (GW) and tap water (TW) quality in Quetta city. 31 GW samples and 31 TW samples were collected in the study area during the months of September, October, and November. Fecal coliform test was carried out in laboratory and their average total coliform contamination was computed. Results showed that the TW sample were all contaminated by coliform except for Chiltan town, hence are not considered suitable for drinking without any treatment according to WHO drinking water quality standards. The average coliform concentrations were 12 in Quetta main city, 11.6 in Jinnah town, 5.3 in Satallite town, 10 in Shahbaz town and 5 in Brewery town (0/100 mL CFU) and the TW samples from the three towns were even more contaminated with E.coli. Whereas among the GW, average microbial concentrations were 1.8 in Quetta main city, 2 in Satallite town, 1.4 in Shahbaz town, and 0.4 in Chiltan town (0/100 mL CFU), respectively, which shows that the contamination is occurring within the water distributary pipeline system when the water flows through the pipelines. Moreover, this research will be valuable for researchers and administrative authorities to conduct elaborative studies, and develop new policies to prevent further deterioration of drinking water in the water distribution system by pathogenic microorganisms and ensure safe drinking water to the public of Quetta city.
- Groundwater quality /
- Microbial contamination /
- Coliform bacteria /
- Drinking water quality

HTML全文

Figure 1. Map of study area with sampling points

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 2. Population Census of Quetta District Source: Pakistan Bureau of statistics

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 3. Bacterial contamination in GW in each town

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 4. Bacterial contamination in TW samples in each town

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 5. Histogram of all the variables in TW

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 6. Histogram of all the variable in GW

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 7. Comparative analysis of Total Coliform contamination in TW and GW

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 8. Summary of questionnaires results

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Table 1. Bacterial contamination in TW and GW

Sr#.	Name of scheme	TW			GW
		E.Coli	Coliform	Total Coliform	E.Coli	Coliform	Total Coliform
		CFU/mL	CFU/mL	CFU/mL	CFU/mL	CFU/mL	CFU/mL
		0/100 mL	0/100 mL	0/100 mL	0/100 mL	0/100 mL	0/100 mL
1	Brewery town	0	12	12	0	0	0
2		0	8	8	0	0	0
3		0	0	0	0	0	0
4		0	0	0	0	0	0
5	Jinnah town	0	12	12	0	0	0
6		0	0	0	0	0	0
7		0	8	8	0	0	0
8		12	26	38	0	0	0
9		0	0	0	0	0	0
10	Shahbaz town	0	0	0	0	0	0
11		0	16	16	0	4	4
12		0	0	0	0	3	3
13		8	26	34	0	0	0
14		0	0	0	0	0	0
15	Quetta main city	0	14	14	0	0	0
16		0	12	12	0	7	7
17		0	6	6	0	0	0
18		0	14	14	0	0	0
19		0	12	12	0	4	4
20		14	18	32	0	0	0
21		0	8	8	0	0	0
22		0	6	6	0	0	0
23		0	4	4	0	0	0
24	Satallite town	0	0	0	0	6	6
25		0	0	0	0	0	0
26		0	16	16	0	0	0
27	Chiltan town	0	0	0	0	0	0
28		0	0	0	0	2	2
29		0	0	0	0	0	0
30		0	0	0	0	0	0
31		0	0	0	0	0	0

下载: 导出CSV

Table 2. Physiochemical parameters and microbes in TW

	TW		GW
	Mean	Std. Deviation	Mean	Std. Deviation
pH	7.89	0.24	7.37	0.20
EC (µS/cm)	718.71	314.39	580.96	132.56
Turbidity (NTU)	5.15	8.30	2.48	0.58
TDS (mg/L)	439.45	194.58	474.61	151.63
E.coli	1.10	3.49	1.64	1.53
Coliform	7.03	7.96	1.64	1.53
Total coliform	8.13	10.54	7.37	0.20

下载: 导出CSV

Table 3. Pearson Correlation of physiochemical parameters with Total Coliform in TW

		pH	EC	Turbidity	TDS	E.coli	Coliform	Total coliform
pH	Pearson correlation	1	−0.099	−0.079	−0.102	−0.129	−0.080	−0.103
	Sig. (2- tailed)		0.596	0.672	0.584	0.487	0.669	0.580
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31	31
EC	Pearson correlation	−0.099	1	0.101	0.997**	0.438*	0.360*	0.417*
	Sig. (2- tailed)	0.596		0.589	0.000	0.014	0.047	0.020
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31	31
Turbidity	Pearson correlation	−0.079	0.101	1	0.110	0.821**	0.591**	0.718**
	Sig. (2- tailed)	0.672	0.589		0.556	0.000	0.000	0.000
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31	31
TDS	Pearson correlation	−0.102	0.997**	0.110	1	0.428*	0.346	0.403*
	Sig. (2- tailed)	0.584	0.000	0.556		0.016	0.057	0.025
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31	31
E.coli	Pearson correlation	−0.129	0.438*	0.821**	0.428*	1	638**	0.813**
	Sig. (2- tailed)	0.487	0.014	0.000	0.016		0.000	0.000
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31	31
Coliform	Pearson correlation	−0.080	0.360*	0.591**	0.346	0.638**	1	0.967**
	Sig. (2- tailed)	0.669	0.047	0.000	0.057	0.000		0.000
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31	31
Total coliform	Pearson correlation	−0.103	0.417*	0.718**	0.403*	0.813**	0.967**	1
	Sig. (2- tailed)	0.580	0.020	0.000	0.025	0.000	0.000
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31	31
Notes: *Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)

下载: 导出CSV

Table 4. Physiochemical Water Quality Analysis of TW and GW

Sr#.	Name of scheme	TW				GW
		pH	EC	Turbidity	TDS	pH	EC	Turbidity	TDS
		-	µS/cm	NTU	mg/L	-	µS/cm	NTU	mg/L
		6.5–8.5	-	5	1000	6.5–8.5	-	5	1000
1	Brewery Town	8.2	730	2.4	443	7.62	1178	3.1	753
2		7.8	726	1.9	442	7.68	575	2.6	666
3		8.0	787	2.1	482	7.54	685	1.8	423
4		7.82	520	2.1	309	7.32	433	3.1	565
5	Jinnah Town	7.5	1343	2.6	872	7.5	522	2.9	675
6		7.9	998	3.6	600	7.39	674	1.8	431
7		7.8	890	2	531	7.29	528	2.6	484
8		7.8	1 942	8.9	1159	7.45	573	3.5	314
9		7.99	896	2.6	574	7.32	493	2.1	566
10	Shahbaz Town	7.6	543	1.6	327	7.56	555	1.6	287
11		7.8	777	14.6	469	7.26	498	2.6	318
12		7.5	500	1.2	296	7.24	500	1.8	289
13		7.6	562	26.8	333	7.35	575	2.3	415
14		8.1	592	1.6	351	7.65	587	2.6	498
15	Quetta Main city	8.2	435	4.2	262	7.15	512	1.8	555
16		8.0	940	1.8	564	7.2	422	1.8	269
17		7.9	686	1.9	413	7.14	485	3.1	384
18		7.6	534	2.2	324	7.25	512	2.9	396
19		7.9	603	5.6	367	7.34	576	2.6	483
20		7.9	792	40.6	507	7.23	587	3.5	666
21		8.26	460	7.6	286	7.12	432	2.6	789
22		8.1	405	2.2	239	7.16	522	1.8	724
23		7.9	450	1.4	266	7.12	595	3.5	381
24	Satallite Town	8.2	1025	4.6	656	7.38	678	2.1	277
25		7.9	731	3	454	7.54	674	1.6	532
26		8.1	625	2.6	390	7.12	566	1.8	354
27	Chiltan Town	8.1	840	1.6	509	7.14	589	2.3	655
28		7.8	410	2	248	7.81	651	2.6	417
29		8.2	424	1.4	257	7.65	655	3.1	345
30		8.0	542	1.4	333	7.72	623	2.9	389
31		7.2	572	1.6	360	7.38	555	2.6	413

下载: 导出CSV

Table 5. Pearson Correlation of physiochemical parameters with total coliform in GW

		pH	EC	turbidity	TDS	Coliform	Total coliform
pH	Pearson Correlation	1	0.487^**	0.094	−0.051	−0.139	−0.139
	Sig. (2-tailed)		0.005	0.615	0.787	0.455	0.455
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31
EC	Pearson Correlation	0.487^**	1	0.117	0.182	−0.135	−0.135
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.005		0.530	0.327	0.470	0.470
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31
Turbidity	Pearson Correlation	0.094	0.117	1	0.148	−0.241	−0.241
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.615	0.530		0.427	0.191	0.191
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31
TDS	Pearson Correlation	−0.051	0.182	0.148	1	−0.442^*	−0.442^*
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.787	0.327	0.427		0.013	0.013
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31
Coliform	Pearson Correlation	−0.139	−0.135	−0.241	−0.442^*	1	1.000^**
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.455	0.470	0.191	0.013		0.000
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31
Total coliform	Pearson Correlation	−0.139	−0.135	−0.241	−0.442^*	1.000^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.455	0.470	0.191	0.013	0.000
	N	31	31	31	31	31	31
Notes: *. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). . Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(26)

Aftab SM, Siddiqui RH, Farooqui MA. 2018. Strategies to manage aquifer recharge in Balochistan, Pakistan: An overview. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 414(1): 012023. IOP Publishing.

Ahmed J, Wong LP, Chua YP, et al. 2020. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of drinking water quality to predict the risk of waterborne diseases in primary-school children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8): 2774. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17082774

Akhtar MM, Mohammad AD, Ehsan M, Akhtar R, ur Rehman J, Manzoor Z. 2021. Water resources of Balochistan, Pakistan — A review. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(4): 1-6. doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-06940-8

Alam K. 2010. Evaluation of aquifer system in Quetta valley through geophysical methods and groundwater flow modeling. Ph.D thesis, University of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan.

Alam K, Ahmad N. 2014. Determination of aquifer geometry through geophysical methods: A case study from Quetta Valley, Pakistan. Acta Geophysica, 62(1): 142-163. doi: 10.2478/s11600-013-0171-8

Azizullah A, Khattak MNK, Richter P, et al. 2011. Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health — A review. Environment International, 37(2): 479-497. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.007

Craun GF, Calderon RL. 2006. Workshop summary: Estimating waterborne disease risks in the United States. Journal of Water and Health, 4(S2): 241-253. doi: 10.2166/wh.2006.025

Daud MK, Nafees M, Ali S, et al. 2017. Drinking water quality status and contamination in Pakistan. Biomed Research International, 2017: 7908183.

Dawood F, Akhtar MM, Ehsan M. 2021. Evaluating urbanization impact on stressed aquifer of Quetta Valley, Pakistan. Desalination and Water Treatment, 222: 103-113.

Din M, Ahmad Z, Aleem A. et al. 2014. Pathogens from drinking water; Isolation and antibiogram of pathogenic organisms from drinking water in Quetta city. Professional Medical Journal, 21(4): 760-765.

Durrani IH, Adnan S, Ahmad M. et al. 2018. Observed long-term climatic variability and its impacts on the ground water level of Quetta alluvial. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science, 42(2): 589-600.

Ferrer N, Folch A, Masó G, et al. 2020. What are the main factors influencing the presence of faecal bacteria pollution in groundwater systems in developing countries. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 228: 103556. doi: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.103556

Ghani A, Chaudary ZA, Rehman H, et al. 2019. Assessment of sustainable groundwater extraction rate for Quetta city using MODFLOW. Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 24. Corpus ID: 135115506.

Ilyas SZ, Khattak AI, Nasir SM, et al. 2010. Air pollution assessment in urban areas and its impact on human health in the city of Quetta, Pakistan. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 12(3): 291-299. doi: 10.1007/s10098-009-0209-4

Jang WS, Engel B, Harbor J, et al. 2017. Aquifer vulnerability assessment for sustainable groundwater management using DRASTIC. Water, 9(10): 792. doi: 10.3390/w9100792

Kamran HW, Omran A. 2020. Water contamination and health hazards in Pakistan: An overview of the current scenario and contemporary challenges. Sustaining our Environment for Better Future: 75-84. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-7158-5

Khan M, Abro SH, Taj MK, et al. 2016. Bacterial contamination of drinking water used at dairy farms in Quetta, Balochistan. Pure and Applied Biology, 5(4): 1. doi: 10.19045/bspab.2016.50089

Knappett PS, mckay LD, Layton A, et al. 2012. Unsealed tubewells lead to increased fecal contamination of drinking water. Journal of Water and Health, 10(4): 565-578. doi: 10.2166/wh.2012.102

Liu K, Luo X, Jiao JJ, et al. 2021. Gene abundances of AOA, AOB, and anammox controlled by groundwater chemistry of the Pearl River Delta, China. China Geology, 4: 463-475. doi: 10.31035/cg2021054

Muhammad AM, Zhonghua T, Sissou Z, et al. 2016. Analysis of geological structure and anthropological factors affecting arsenic distribution in the Lahore aquifer, Pakistan. Hydrogeology Journal, 24(7): 1891-1904. doi: 10.1007/s10040-016-1453-4

Ngwenya N, Ncube E J, Parsons J. 2013. Recent advances in drinking water disinfection: Successes and challenges. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: 111-170. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4717-7_4

Oyelakin JF, Ahmad SM, Aiyelokun OO, et al. 2020. Water quality assessment of groundwater in selected potable water sources for household use in Ibadan, Southwest, Nigeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources: 1-8. doi: 10.1007/s42108-020-00090-5

Pandey PK, Kass PH, Soupir ML, et al. 2014. Contamination of water resources by pathogenic bacteria. Amb Express, 4(1): 1-16. doi: 10.1186/s13568-014-0051-x

PSO Pakistan Buraue of Statistics. 2020. District at a glance Quetta, in 2020, May 11.

WHO. 1993. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. 1: Recommendations, second Edition. World Health Organization.

WHO. 2008. Guidelines for Drinking water Quality, incorporating the first and second addenda: Third edition, 1: Recommendations.

[1]	Allia Zineb, Lalaoui Meriem2024: Formation mechanism of hydrochemical and quality evaluation of shallow groundwater in the Upper Kebir sub-basin, Northeast Algeria, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 12, 78-91. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280007
[2]	Liu Ya-ci, Zhang Zhao-ji, Zhao Xin-yi, Wen Meng-tuo, Cao Sheng-wei, Li Ya-song2021: Arsenic contamination caused by roxarsone transformation with spatiotemporal variation of microbial community structure in a column experiment, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 9, 304-316. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.04.004
[3]	Terrazas-Salvatierra Jhim, Munoz-Vásquez Galo, Romero-Jaldin Ana2020: Migration of total chromium and chloride anion in the Rocha River used for estimating degradation of agricultural soil quality at the Thiu Rancho zone, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 223-229. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.03.003
[4]	Abdelhakim LAHJOUJ, Abdellah EL HMAIDI, Karima BOUHAFA2020: Spatial and statistical assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater: Case of Sais Basin, Morocco, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 143-157. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.02.006
[5]	Bahrami Mehdi, Khaksar Elmira, Khaksar Elahe2020: Spatial variation assessment of groundwater quality using multivariate statistical analysis(Case Study: Fasa Plain, Iran), Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 230-243. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.03.004
[6]	Negar Fathi, Mohammad Bagher Rahnama, Mohammad Zounemat Kermani2020: Spatial analysis of groundwater quality for drinking purpose in Sirjan Plain, Iran by fuzzy logic in GIS, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 67-78. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.01.007
[7]	Ahmed Mohammad Tofayal, Monir Minhaj Uddin, Hasan Md Yeasir, Rahman Md Mominur, Rifat Md Shamiul Islam, Islam Md Naim, Khan Abu Shamim, Rahman Md Mizanur, Islam Md Shajidul2020: Hydro-geochemical evaluation of groundwater with studies on water quality index and suitability for drinking in Sagardari, Jashore, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 259-273. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.03.006
[8]	HU Zun-fang, KANG Feng-xin, ZOU An-de, YU Lin-song, LI Yang, TIAN Tong-liang, KANG Gui-ling2019: Evolution trend of the water quality in Dongping Lake after South-North Water Transfer Project in China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 7, 333-339. doi: DOI: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2019.04.004
[9]	T K G P Ranasinghe, R U K Piyadasa2019: Visualizing the spatial water quality of Bentota, Sri Lanka in the presence of seawater intrusion, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 7, 340-353. doi: DOI: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2019.04.005
[10]	WU Ting-wen, WANG Li-huan, WANG Lin-shu, KONG Qing-xuan2018: Evaluation of groundwater quality and pollution in Daqing Oilfield, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 6, 40-48. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2018.01.005
[11]	WU Ting-wen, WANG Li-huan, YANG Xiang-kui2017: Evaluation of groundwater potential and eco-geological environment quality in Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5, 193-201.
[12]	TAO Hong, ZHENG Miao-miao, FAN Li-min, LI Wen-li, DING Jia, LI Hui, HE Xu-bo, TAO Fu-ping2017: Research on quality changes and influencing factors of groundwater in the Guanzhong Basin, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5, 296-302.
[13]	ZHANG Chuan-mian, GUO Xiao-niu, Richard Henry, James Dendy2015: Groundwater modelling to help diagnose contamination problems, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 285-294.
[14]	YI Qing, GE Li-qiang, CHENG Yan-pei, DONG Hua, LIU Kun, ZHANG Jian-kang, YUE Chen2015: Compilation of Groundwater Quality Map and study of hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in Asia, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 176-185.
[15]	FEI Yu-hong, ZHANG Zhao-ji, LI Ya-song, GUO Chun-yan, TIAN Xia2015: Quality evaluation of groundwater in the North China Plain, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 306-315.
[16]	HAN Mei, JIA Na, LI Ke, ZHAO Guo-xing, LIU Bing-bing, LIU Sheng-hua, LIU Jie2014: Analysis of bromate and bromide in drinking water by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 2, 48-53.
[17]	Zhao Wang, Jiansheng Shi, Zhaoji Zhang, Yuhong Fei2013: Organic Contamination of Soil and Goundwater in the Piedimont Plain of the Taihang Mountains, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 1, 74-81.
[18]	Zhao-xian Zheng, Xiao-si Su2013: Risk Assessment on Organic Contamination of Shallow Groundwater of an Oilfield in Northeast China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 1, 75-82.
[19]	Meng-jie Wu, Hui-zhen Hen2013: Brief Talk of Groundwater Resources in Role of Rural Drinking Water Safety and Construction of City Emergency Water Source, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 1, 40-52.
[20]	Aizhong Ding, Lirong Cheng, Steve Thornton, Wei Huang, David Lerner2013: Groundwater quality Management in China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 1, 54-59.