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Prediction criteria for groundwater potential zones in Kemuning District, Indonesia using the integration of geoelectrical and physical parameters
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Abstract: The presence of groundwater is strongly related to its geological and geohydrological conditions. It is, however, important to study the groundwater potential in an area before it is utilized to provide clean water. Werner-Schlumberger's method was used to analyze the groundwater potential while hydraulic properties such as soil porosity and hydraulic conductivity were used to determine the quality and ability of the soil to allow water's movement in the aquifer. The results show that the aquifer in the Sekara and Kemuning Muda is at a depth of more than 6 meters below the ground level with moderate groundwater potential. It is also found that the aquifer at depths of over 60 m have high groundwater potential. Moreover, soil porosity in Kemuning is found to be average while the ability to conduct water was moderate. This makes it possible for some surface water to seep into the soil while the remaining flows to the rivers and ditches.
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Figure 1. Research location in Kemuning district of Indragiri Hilir regency, Indonesia
Figure 2. Electrode configuration of Werner-Schlumberger's method (Islami et al. 2011)
Figure 3. Soil sample collection (a) and the collected soil samples (b) the soils are collected from 48 locations in the Kemuning District
Figure 4. A plot of resistivity with the distance of electrode at 2 points of measurement in (a) Sekara and (b) Kemuning Muda Village
Figure 5. Contour map of (a) porosity and (b) hydraulic conductivity, created from 48 soil samples in Kemuning district
Figure 6. Relationship among physical parameters of soil in the Kemuning District
a. Relation of hydraulic conductivity and porosity, b. hydraulic conductivity and resistivity, and c. porosity and resistivity
Table 1. Coordinates of 12 measuring points in Kemuning
No. Location Latitude Longitude 1 Kerintang 00°51'35.81'' S 102°39'21.29'' E 2 Sekara 00°52'05.90'' S 102°44'41.30'' E 3 Kemuning Tua 00°54'14.23'' S 102°47'19.03'' E 4 Air Balui 00°53'46.67'' S 102°45'47.70'' E 5 Batu Ampar 00°58'20.49'' S 102°42'40.49'' E 6 Selensen 00°58'23.70'' S 102°45'22.74'' E 7 Tuk Jimun 00°54'52.46''S 102°48'02.06'' E 8 Kemuning Muda 00°53'48.90'' S 102°49'27.67'' E 9 Lubuk Besar 00°52'45.62'' S 102°50'05.44'' E 10 Talang Jangkang 00°51'20.83'' S 102°49'24.84'' E 11 Limau Manis 00°52'19.67'' S 102°48'24.63'' E 12 Sekayan 00°51'15.26'' S 102°41'03.11'' E 
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Table 2. Criteria of groundwater potential at Sekara and Kemuning Muda
Resistivity (Ωm) Type of layer Depth (m) Thickness (m) Location Potential criteria 145.59 Sand and pebble with enough water 6.88~14.29 7.41 Sekara at Layer 2 Medium 112.47 Sand and pebble with abundant water 73.18~110 36.82 Sekara at Layer 5 Large 70.79 Sand and pebble with enough water 6.20~17.31 11.11 Kemuning Muda at Layer 2 Medium 153.79 Sand and pebble with abundant water 63.38~96 32.62 Kemuning Muda at Layer 5 Large
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Table 3. Characteristics of hydraulic properties in Kemuning
Location Porosity (%) Description of soil porosity Hydraulic conductivity (cm/h) Ability to conduct water Kerintang 55.75 Good 4.91 Medium Sekara 54.10 Good 4.21 Medium Kemuning Tua 61.00 Porosity 6.76 Fairly fast Air Balui 65.22 Porosity 7.63 Fairly fast Batu Ampar 37.25 Bad 2.31 Medium Selensen 33.51 Bad 2.10 Medium Tuk Jimun 71.00 Porosity 9.95 Fairly fast Kemuning Muda 51.19 Good 3.52 Medium Lubuk Besar 76.25 Porosity 12.77 Fairly fast Talang Jangkang 42.10 Porosity 2.70 Medium Limau Manis 50.72 Good 3.34 Medium Sekayan 35.75 Bad 2.12 Medium
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