Song Chao; Liu Man; Dong Qiu-yao; Zhang Lin; Wang Pan; Chen Hong-yun; Ma Rong

doi:10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.01.003

doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.01.003

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-03-20
- 录用日期: 2021-12-25
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-24
- 刊出日期: 2022-03-15

Variation characteristics of CO₂ in a newly-excavated soil profile, Chinese Loess Plateau: Excavation-induced ancient soil organic carbon decomposition

Chao Song^{1, 2},
Man Liu³,
Qiu-yao Dong^{1, 2
, ,},
Lin Zhang^{1, 2},
Pan Wang^{1, 2},
Hong-yun Chen^{1, 2},
Rong Ma⁴

1.
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Quaternary Chronology and Hydro-Environmental Evolution, China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
3.
Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
4.
State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China

More Information

Corresponding author: dongqiuyao@mail.cgs.gov.cn

摘要

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Abstract: Soils of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) contain substantial amounts of soil inorganic carbon (SIC), as well as recent and ancient soil organic carbon (SOC). With the advent of the Anthropocene, human perturbation, including excavation, has increased soil CO₂ emission from the huge loess carbon pool. This study aims to determine the potential of loess CO₂ emission induced by excavation. Soil CO₂ were continuously monitored for seven years on a newly-excavated profile in the central CLP and the stable C isotope compositions of soil CO₂ and SOC were used to identify their sources. The results showed that the soil CO₂ concentrations ranged from 830 μL·L⁻¹ to 11 190 μL·L⁻¹ with an annually reducing trend after excavation, indicating that the human excavation can induce CO₂ production in loess profile. The δ¹³C of CO₂ ranged from –21.27 ‰ to –19.22 ‰ (mean: –20.11‰), with positive deviation from top to bottom. The range of δ¹³C_SOC was –24.0‰ to –21.1‰ with an average of –23.1‰. The δ¹³C-CO₂ in this study has a positive relationship with the reversed CO₂ concentration, and it is calculated that 80.22% of the soil CO₂ in this profile is from the microbial decomposition of SOC and 19.78% from the degasification during carbonate precipitation. We conclude that the human excavation can significantly enhance the decomposition of the ancient OC in loess during the first two years after perturbation, producing and releasing soil CO₂ to atmosphere.
- Soil organic matter /
- Human excavation /
- Soil CO₂ /
- Stable carbon isotopic composition /
- China Loess Plateau

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Figure 1. The location map of study area (a), the studied section (b) and the sketch map of the tube for gas monitoring and sampling (c)

(a) Chinese Loess plateau: Red square- The location of the study area; (b) the loess section for gas monitoring: Small circle is the location of gas concentration monitoring and gas sampling inside soil; big circles are the locations for monitoring the lateral gases flux out of loess section; (c) the tubes for gas monitoring and sampling which were buried inside loess (see small circles in Fig.1b): Gas-storing tube: L=80 cm, Ø=45 mm; airway tube: L=80 cm, Ø=10 mm

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Figure 2. Variation of soil CO₂ concentration in different season

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Figure 3. Concentration and δ¹³C of CO₂ at LTC profile in February, 2017

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Figure 4. Variation characteristics of total organic carbon (SOC), total inorganic carbon (SIC) and δ¹³C_SOC with depth

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Figure 5. Relationship between SOC (%) and δ¹³C_SOC (‰) (P<0.05)

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Figure 6. Relationship between SIC (%) and δ¹³C_SOC (‰) (P <0.05)

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Figure 7. Inverse of CO₂ concentration against isotope signature (Keeling plot)

1/[CO₂]= the inverse CO₂ concentration; Data of QS loess section are from (Song et al. 2017a); δ¹³C_carb end member is the mean δ¹³C of soil carbonate in study area (approximately −8‰)；δ¹³C_SOC end member is roughly –22% (–23.1% for this profile and –21.4% for QS section)

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Table 1. Concentration of CO₂

No.	Depth/m	2014Feb.	2014Mar.	2014Apr.	2014 Jun.	2015Feb.	2015Oct.	2016May	2017Feb.	2019Sept.	2020June
Temp.	-	6℃	14℃	16℃	26℃	9℃	20℃	22℃	5℃	21℃	25℃
In air	-	410	430	410	410	410	390	410	410	410	410
LTC1	1.9	5 740	4 350	5 740	11 190	2 520	4 810	3 760	1 130	4 130	4 110
LTC2	3.1	3 540	3 430	3 890	4 810	2 240	4 240	2 870	1 130	2 150	2 670
LTC3	4.1	3 090	2 930	3 320	4 170	1 970	3 400	2 670	1 540	2 990	2 300
LTC4	5.2	2 370	2 310	2 720	3 650	1 380	2 530	2 060	1 180	2 410	1 880
LTC5	6.1	2 560	2 270	2 630	3 340	1 340	2 300	1 760	1 130	2 230	1 920
LTC6	7.1	2 340	2 200	2 450	3 030	1190	1 930	1 780	830	2650	1 670
LTC7	8.2	1 440	2 700	N.d.	N.d.	N.d.	N.d.	N.d.	N.d.	N.d.	N.d.
N.d.=no data. The monitoring tube of LTC7 was destroyed since April of 2014.

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Table 2. Results of the efflux of CO₂ and water vapor

Depth/m		CO₂ /g·m⁻²·d⁻¹			H₂O /g·m⁻²·d⁻¹
D. T.		Oct., 2015	May, 2016	Feb., 2017	Oct., 2015	May, 2016	Feb., 2017
Temp. (Weather)		20℃ (Cloudy)	22℃ (Sunny)	5℃ (Sunny)	20℃ (Cloudy)	22℃ (Sunny)	5℃ (Sunny)
Surface	0.0	11.53	16.02	3.48	112.14	155.88	182.16
LTC1	1.9	0.47	18.83	2.91	15.36	56.74	4.85
LTC2	3.0	1.42	2.30	0.14	3.83	64.89	62.17
LTC3	4.1	1.31	1.20	0.47	41.38	216.90	8.12
LTC4	5.1	0.32	2.96	0.07	83.05	172.76	5.08
LTC5	6.1	2.99	2.72	0.54	21.17	361.26	76.07
LTC6	7.1	0.84	5.02	0.37	18.63	390.06	87.23
LTC7	8.2	3.86	2.75	0.32	264.60	386.46	229.32
Mean	-	1.60	5.11	0.69	64.00	235.58	67.55
D. T.=determination time; All the observations were done at 10:00 a. m. of the set testing date. Mean=the average value of these 7 observed results in the LTC profile.

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Table 3. Results of SOC SIC and δ¹³C at the observed layers and related calculated values

No.	Depth (m)	SOC (%)	SIC (%)	δ¹³C_SOC (‰)	δ¹³C_CO2 (‰)	Δδ¹³C (‰)	CO_2-SOC %	CO_2-Carb %
LTC1	1.9	0.083	1.911	–22.8	–20.45	2.35	82.48	17.52
LTC2	3.0	0.057	1.745	–22.9	–20.87	2.03	85.21	14.79
LTC3	4.1	0.077	1.842	–23.4	–21.27	2.13	87.85	12.15
LTC4	5.1	0.060	1.086	–23.4	–19.57	3.83	76.62	23.38
LTC5	6.1	0.035	2.361	–23.6	–19.31	4.29	74.89	25.11
LTC6	7.1	0.077	1.129	–23.2	–19.22	3.98	74.28	25.72
	Mean	0.065	1.679	–23.2	–20.11	3.10	80.22	19.78
Δδ¹³C=δ¹³C_CO2-δ¹³C_SOC; CO_2-SOC: SOC-derived CO₂; CO_2-Carb: carbonate-derived CO₂

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Table 4. Characteristics of soil CO₂ in different unsaturated zone in the world

No.	Location	Thickness of unsaturated Zone	Type of soil	Maximum depth for observation (observation solution)	Characteristics of soil CO₂	Variation of CO₂ concentration with depth	Ref.
1	The U.S. Geological Survey’s Amargosa Desert Research Site	110 m	Predominantly sand and gravel (unconsolidated debris flow, fluvial, and alluvial-fan deposits)	110 m；	Maximum: 10⁵ μL/L	Increase	(Thorstenson et al. 1998; Walvoord, et al. 2005)
2	Dalmeny site: 30 km northern of Saskatoon, Canada	7.0 m	Clay mainly	6.8 m (0.4, 0.9, 1.7, 3.0, 4.7, 6.8 m)	39 000 μL/L	Increase	(Keller and Bacon, 1998)
3	Rifle site in western Colorado, USA (Experiment site of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)	3.5 m	Unconsolidated gravel and cobbles interspersed with fine grained silt and clay and locally organic-rich sediments	3.0 m	The maximum is 60 000 μL/L at the depth of 3 m	Increase	(Arora et al. 2016)
4	5 km SE of Delhi, Ontario (Big Creek Drainage Basin)	5.8 m	Medium sand	5.8 m	40 000 μL/L	Increase	(Reardon et al. 1979)
5	Southern Amazon basin: Juruena, Mato Grosso, Brazil (10°25' S; 58°46' W, 230-250 m asl)	8 m	Mosaic of Oxisols and Ultisols (acid soil)	8 m (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 m）	9 000 μL/L	Increase followed by decrease	(Johnson et al. 2008)
6	10 km south of Saskatoon, Canada	6 m	Aeolian sand	6 m (0.30, 0.56, 1.06, 1.56, 2.08, 2.61, 3.13; 4.56; 5.12 m)	400-12 900 μL/L	Decrease in summer; Increase in Winter	(Hendry et al. 1999)
7	Southeast Phoenix, AZ, in the southeastern region of the West Basin of the Salt River Valley	6-9 m	Silty sands and moderately well graded gravels	6 m	The maximum is 30 000 μL/L at the depth of 6 m	Decrease followed by increase	(Suchomel et al. 1990)
8	Cape cod, Southeastern Massachusetts, USA	0.5-12 m	Sands and gravels	3.5 m	Maximum 50 000 μL/L	Increase	(Lee, 1997)
9	Gigante Peninsula (9°06' N, 79°50' W)	2 m	Clay	2 m (0.05, 0.2, 0.4, 0.75, 1.25 and 2 m)	40 000 μL/L	Increase	(Koehler et al. 2010)

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