Guo Jin-xing; Li Zhi-ping; Stefan Catalin

doi:10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.01.006

doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.01.006

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-05-19
- 录用日期: 2021-11-06
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-24
- 刊出日期: 2022-03-15

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) applications in China–achievements and challenges

1.
Center of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geology Survey, Baoding 071051, Hebei Province, China
2.
Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Beijing 100195, China
3.
Department of Hydrosciences, Technical University of Dresden, Pirna 01796, Germany

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: catalin.stefan@tu-dresden.de

摘要

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Abstract: Groundwater is of fundamental significance for human society, especially in semi-arid areas in China. However, due to the fast social and economic development, China has been suffering from the shortage of water resource. In this situation, managed aquifer recharge (MAR) was considered to be an effective measure for the sustainable management of groundwater resources. Since 1960s, China successfully implemented many MAR schemes for different purposes such as restoration of groundwater tables, prevention of seawater intrusion, increasing urban water supplies and controlling land subsidence. From those successful experiences China developed a scientific and applicable system to implement MAR project. However, there were still many challenges in this field, for example, treated waste water had been barely used for recharge. The present review summarized the achievements in MAR applications in China as well as the associated challenges within the past 55 years before the year 2016.
- Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) /
- Groundwater /
- Recharge /
- Aquifer /
- Storage

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Figure 1. General distribution of the MAR projects in China (base map from http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn)

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Figure 2. Number of the primary MAR case types

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Figure 3. Numbers of different specific MAR cases in China

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Figure 4. Distribution of specific MAR cases in different provinces and municipalities

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Figure 5. Development of the MAR projects in China after 1960

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Figure 6. Primary MAR types with aquifer materials

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Figure 7. Primary MAR types with aquifer types

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Figure 8. Percentage of different uses of the extracted water from the recharged aquifers

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Figure 9. General framework to develop an MAR project (adapted from Jin et al. 2012 with permission)

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Table 1. Analysis criteria of the 136 MAR projects (entry count is the number of projects, followed by the percentage of projects with the specific parameter data)

No.	Field parameter	Entry count/ %
General information
01	Name of site	136 (100%)
02	City	127 (93.3%)
03	Province	134 (98.5%)
04	Latitude	116 (85.3%)
05	Longitude	116 (85.3%)
06	Size of site	18 (13.2%)
07	Under operation since (year)	104 (76.5%)
08	Institution	17 (12.5%)
09	Specific MAR type	136 (100%)
10	Objective	124 (91.2%)
11	Influent source	133 (97.8%)
12	Final use	109 (80.1%)
Operation
13	No. of infiltration structures	55 (40.4%)
14	No. if infiltration wells	29 (21.3%)
15	Avg. filter depth (recharge)	16 (11.8%)
16	Scale of catchment area	8 (5.9%)
17	Reservoir area	10 (7.4%)
18	Reservoir/storage capacity	11 (8.1%)
19	Recharge efficiency	4 (3.0%)
20	Avg. injected/infiltrated volume	17 (12.5%)
21	Initial injected/infiltrated volume	2 (1.5%)
22	Total injected/infiltrated volume	7 (5.1%)
23	Avg. infiltration rate	9 (6.6%)
24	No. of monitoring wells	20 (14.7%)
25	No. of recovery wells	9 (6.6%)
26	Avg. filter depth (Extraction)	3 (2.2%)
27	Avg. extracted volume	5 (3.7%)
28	Horizontal aquifer passage	3 (2.2%)
Hydrogeological properties
29	Hydraulic conductivity of soils	4 (2.9%)
30	Aquifer thickness	9 (6.6%)
31	Aquifer confinement	96 (70.6%)
32	Aquifer type	96 (70.6%)
33	Development of water table	24 (17.6%)
34	Initial ground water level	13 (9.6%)
35	Final ground water level	16 (11.8%)
Water quality
36	Hydrochemical data	12 (8.8%)

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Table 2. Classification of Chinese MAR projects (Dillon, 2005) and relative references

	Main MAR type	Specific MAR type	Collected literatures
Techniques regarding infiltration method	Spreading methods	Infiltration ponds & basins	Huang and Pang (2013), Jin et al. (2012), Li et al. (2011), Pi and Wang (2006), Su et al. (1996), Su et al. (2014), Xu et al. (2012), Yuan (1979), Zhang (2005), Zhang et al. (2013).
		Flooding	Su et al. (2010)
		Ditch & furrow	Ding (1997), Jia and Li (2012), Li (1997), Li (2009), Li et al. (2007), Liu et al. (2006), Liu and Song (1989), Wang and Zhang (1991), Wei et al. (2014), Yan (2009), Yang et al. (2010), Zhang (2005).
		Excess irrigation
		Reverse drainage methods	Guan et al. (2015)
	Induced bank filtration	Induced bank filtration	Zhang et al. (2013)
	Well, shaft & borehole recharge	ASR/ASTR	Lu et al. (2014), Liu et al. (2006), Liu and Pan (2014), Qu et al. (2012), Su (2012),Wang et al. (2012), Wang and Qu (2011), Yan et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2011), Zhao et al. (2004).
	Well, shaft & borehole recharge	Dug well/shaft/pit injection	Bai et al. (2010),Dong (2010),Dong et al. (2011), Fan (2014), Hao (2011), Liu et al. (2006), Li et al. (2012), Liu and Dai (2013), Qu (2014), Wu et al. (2010), Yang et al. (2010), Zhang et al. (2013), Zhang et al. (2015).
Techniques regarding interception methods	In-channel modifications	Recharge dam	Han (2002), Hao (2011), He and Shen (2010), Huang and Pang (2013), Liu et al. (2004), Sun et al. (2006),Wang et al. (1999),Wang et al. (2001), Wang et al. (1998), Wen et al. (2000), Zhang (2005), Zhang (2006).
		Subsurface dam	Huang and Pang (2013), Liu et al. (2004), Shi and Jiu (2014), Sun et al. (2006), Wang et al. (2012), Zhang and Wang (2011), Zhou et al. (2014).
		Sand and storage dam
		Channel spreading
	Rainwater & run-off harvesting	Rooftop rainwater harvesting	He (2012), Wang (2012), Yan (2009), Zhang et al. (2013), Zhu (2012), Zhu (2013).
		Barriers & bunds
		Trenches

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Table 3. Percentage of the water sources used in the MAR projects in China

Water source of MAR projects	Percentage of the water sources in all the MAR projects in China	Collected literatures
Rainwater	25.0%	Ding (1997), He (2012),Huang and Pang (2013),Li et al. (2011), Su et al. (1996), Wang (2012),Yan (2009), Zhang et al. (2013), Zhao et al. (2004), Zhu (2012), Zhu (2013),
Lakes & artificial reservoirs	4.8%	Jia and Li (2012), Qu (2014).
Perennial streams	40.4%	Ding (1996), Dong (2010), Guan et al. (2015), Han (2002), Hao (2011), Huang and Pang (2013), Jin et al. (2012), Li (2009), Liu et al. (2004), Liu et al. (2006), Liu and Dai (2013), Liu and Song (1989), Shi and Jiu (2014), Su (2012), Su et al. (2010), Su et al. (2014), Sun et al. (2006), Wang et al. (2012), Wang et al. (2001),Wang et al. (1998), Wang and Qu (2011), Wang and Zhang (1991), Wen et al. (2000), Yang et al. (2010),Yuan (1979), Zhang (2005), Zhang et al. (2013), Zhang (2006), Zhang and Wang (2011), Zhou et al. (2014).
Tap water	2.9%	Wu et al. (2010), Yang et al. (2010).
Aquifer (groundwater)	8.7%	Bai et al. (2010), Fan (2014), Liu et al. (2006), Liu and Pan (2014), Lu et al. (2014), Qu et al. (2012), Yan et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2011).
Treated waste water	4.8%	Dong et al. (2011), He and Shen (2010), Jin et al. (2012), Li et al. (2012), Pi and Wang (2006), Wei et al. (2014), Xu et al. (2012), Zhang et al. (2007).
River water	13.5%	Han (2002), He and Shen (2010), Huang and Pang (2013), Shi and Jiu (2014), Wang et al. (1999), Wang et al. (2012), Zhang (2005).

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