Dong Qiu-yao; Xiang Jiao; Song Chao; Wang Pan; Wen Hao-tian; Yan Ming-jiang

doi:10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.04.006

doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.04.006

^{1, 2},
³,
^{1, 2, ,},
^{1, 2},
⁴,
^{1, 2}

计量
- 文章访问数: 375
- HTML全文浏览量: 152
- PDF下载量: 50
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-01-06
- 录用日期: 2022-10-30
- 网络出版日期: 2022-12-27
- 刊出日期: 2022-12-31

Spatial distribution characteristics and main controlling factors of germanium in soil of northern Dabie Mountains, China

Qiu-yao Dong^{1, 2},
Jiao Xiang³,
Chao Song^{1, 2
, ,},
Pan Wang^{1, 2},
Hao-tian Wen⁴,
Ming-jiang Yan^{1, 2}

1.
Institute of Hydrogeological and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geosciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2.
Key laboratory of Quaternary Chronology and Hydro-Environmental Evolution, China Geological Survey, Zhengding 050083, Hebei, China
3.
107 Geological Team, Chongqing Bureau of Geology and Minerals Exploration, Chongqing 401120, China
4.
School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China

More Information

Corresponding author: songchao@mail.cgs.gov.cn

摘要

- /
- /
- /
- /
Abstract: With the increasing application of germanium (Ge) elements in modern industry, military and medical health industries, especially with the growing demand for Ge-rich agricultural products, the study of Ge-rich soil has become particularly important, but the enrichment pattern and control factors of Ge-rich soil are still not well understood due to the high dispersion and high migration of Ge-rich soil. In this paper, 495 surface soil (0–20 cm) and 149 deep soil (150–200 cm) samples were collected from the northern foothills of Dabie Mountain using a double-layer grid layout, and the spatial distribution and enrichment characteristics of Ge were studied by high-resolution method, and the controlling factors affecting the distribution of Ge-rich soil was analyzed by geo-statistics and spatial analogy. The results show an average Ge content of 1.34 mg/kg for the surface and 1.36 mg/kg for the deep soil. In the assessment grade classification of surface and deep soil for Ge, the abundant and sub-abundant grades account for 37.97% and 31.70%, respectively, covering 752 km² and 634 km². Surface Ge-rich regions are distributed in concentrated strips in the north-central part of the studied region, and there is no clear pattern in the spatial distribution of deep soils. In the areas under study, such as Fenlukou, Dingji, and Jiangjiadian, the surface soil is very rich in Ge and has a high enrichment factor, which is valuable for agricultural development. In surface soils, river deposits and shallow metamorphic rock parent materials have the highest content of Ge, while in deep soils, the highest content has been found in the parent material of moderately acidic rock. Both surface and deep soils have the highest Ge content in purple paddy soils and plain areas. The source of Ge in the soils of the study area is most influenced by the lithology of the soil-forming parent material, while the distribution of Ge in the surface soils is jointly influenced by pH, SiO₂, TFe₂O₃, and Al₂O₃ in the soil. This study has implications for understanding the enrichment pattern of Ge in soil and its controlling factors as well as for the development of Ge-rich agricultural products.
- Germanium /
- Soil /
- Enrichment feature /
- Distribution characteristics /
- Influencing factors

HTML全文

Figure 1. Location of the study area and distribution of sampling sites

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 2. Location of sampling sites in the study area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 3. Frequency distribution of Ge content in soils at different depths in the study area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of Ge content in surface (left) and deep (right) soils in the study area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 5. Spatial distribution of germanium enrichment in soils of the study area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 6. Distribution of soil parent material in the study area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 7. Distribution of soil types in the study area (left) and topographic map of the study area (right)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 8. Distribution of single indicators of (a)TFe₂O₃、(b)Al₂O₃、(c)Corg、(d)SiO₂

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Table 1. The test results

Numeral	Element/Index	Testing instruments/Testing methods	Required detection limit (mg/kg)	Detection limit in this experiment (mg/kg)
1	pH	ISE	0.1^（**）	0.1^（**）
2	Ge	HG-AFS	0.1	0.1
3	SiO₂	ZSXPrimusⅡ XRF	0.1*	0.05*
4	Al₂O₃	ZSXPrimusⅡ XRF	0.05*	0.05*
5	TFe₂O₃	ZSXPrimusⅡ XRF	0.05*	0.05*
6	Organic matter	VOL	0.1（*）	0.05（*）
Note: “” means mass fraction of 10⁻², “*” means dimensionless.

下载: 导出CSV

Table 2. Statistical analysis of soil Ge content in the study area

	Sample (numbers)	Minimum （mg/kg）	Maximum （mg/kg）	Standard deviation	A quarter of the quantile	Three-quarters of quantile	Variable coefficient	Average
Surface	495	1.01	1.80	0.139	1.24	1.44	0.104	1.34
Deep	149	1.00	1.82	0.166	1.24	1.47	0.122	1.36

下载: 导出CSV

Table 3. The national-provincial/provincial-district land quality evaluation criteria for the classification of nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur and the Ge concentration percentage in the study area

	Index	Top-grade （Abundant）	Second-grade （Sub-abundant）	Third-grade （Medium）	Fourth-grade （Sub-lack）	Fifth-grade （Lack）
	Ge（mg/kg）	>1.50	>1.40–1.50	>1.30 –1.40	>1.20–1.30	≤1.20
Surface	Samples	66	122	124	100	84
Surface	percentage（%）	13.33	24.64	25.05	20.20	16.96
Deep	Samples	59	60	84	74	98
Deep	percentage（%）	15.70	16.00	22.40	19.70	26.10

下载: 导出CSV

Table 4. Enrichment classification of germanium in soils of the study area

Grade	Lack	Background	Enrichment
Enrichment coefficient	<0.85	0.85–1.05	>1.05
Area covering percentage	15.12%	46.97%	37.90%

下载: 导出CSV

Table 5. Distribution of soil germanium in different parent material types, soil types and topographic features in the study area

Type		Surface			Deep			Difference
		Sample (numbers)	Mean value (mg/kg)	Variation (%)	Sample (numbers)	Mean value (mg/kg)	Variation (%)	Difference
Soil-forming parent material	River impact parent material	371	1.35	1.01–1.80	106	1.33	1.10–1.75	0.02
	Red clastic rock	85	1.30	1.04–1.71	26	1.45	1.00–1.82	−0.15
	Shallow metamorphic rock	26	1.35	1.11–1.67	5	1.28	1.07–1.54	0.07
	Medium alkaline rock	3	1.26	1.18–1.38	4	1.3	1.07–1.56	−0.04
	Medium acidic rock	10	1.29	1.05–1.40	7	1.50	1.37–1.60	−0.21
Soil type	Purple paddy soils	66	1.36	1.05–1.80	21	1.43	1.18–1.82	−0.11
	Yellow brown soils	60	1.28	1.02–1.69	18	1.33	0.99–1.75	0.03
	Fluvo-aquic soils	54	1.31	1.05–1.61	17	1.29	1.07–1.57	0.02
	Paddy soils	319	1.35	1.01–1.67	93	1.35	1.00–1.71	−0.02
Topography	Basin	17	1.20	1.01–1.33	3	1.28	1.14–1.35	−0.08
	Hills	75	1.28	1.05–1.70	21	1.41	1.00–1.82	−0.13
	Mountains	4	1.32	1.18–1.44	3	1.34	1.07–1.56	−0.02
	Plains	399	1.36	1.02–1.80	121	1.35	0.99–1.75	0.01

下载: 导出CSV

Table 6. Correlation analysis of germanium in soil with other elements

Category		Al₂O₃	TFe₂O₃	Corg	pH	SiO₂
Germanium	Surface	−0.141**	0.232**	0.284**	0.157**	0.204**
Germanium	Deep	−0.157	−0.029	0.059	0.014	0.312**
Notes: *At level 0.01 (double tails), the correlation was significant. At level 0.05 (double tails), the correlation was significant.

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(39)

Bernstein LR. 1985. Germanium geochemistry and mineralogy. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 49(11): 2409−2422. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90241-8

Bernstein LR, Waychunas GA. 1987. Germanium crystal chemistry in hematite and goethite from the apex mine, utah, and some new data on Germanium in aqueous solution and in stottite. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 51(3): 623−630. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90074-3

Burton JD, Culkin F, Riley JP. 1959. The abundances of gallium and Germanium in terrestrial materials. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 16(1−3): 151−180. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(59)90052-3

Dong QY, Wen HT, Song C, et al. 2022. Comprehensive evaluation and influencing factorsb of surface soil nutrient chemistry in southeastern cultivated area of the Nanyang, Henan Province. Geoscience: 1−13. (in Chinese)

Dong QY, Lai SY, Song C, et al. 2022. Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Germanium in Soil in the Eastern Mountainous Area of the Nanyang Basin. Environmental Science: 1−16. (in Chinese) doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202109093

Duan YR, Yang ZF, Yang Q, et al. 2020. The distribution, influencing factors and ecological environment evaluation of soil Germanium in beibu gulf of guangxi zhuang autonomous region. Geology in China, 47(06): 11−16. (in Chinese)

Franco, Marcantonio. 1998. Principles and applications of geochemistry, 2nd Edition. Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 30(79): 356. doi: 10.1029/98EO00270

Haller EE. 2006. Germanium: From its discovery to SiGe devices. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 9(4−5): 408−422. doi: 10.1016/j.mssp.2006.08.063

He L, Sun BB, Zhou GH. et al. 2016. Land Quality geochemical survey technique at A hilly-basin area in zhejiang province. Modern geology, (6): 1285−1293. (in Chinese)

Hong T, Kong XS. 2021. Geochemical feature and genesis analysis of germanium-rich soil in Guangnan County of Yunnan. Mineral resources and Geology, 35(02): 290-295. (in Chinese)

HöLL R, Kling M, Schro E. 2007. Metallogenesis of Germanium—A review. Ore Geology Reviews, 30(3−4): 145−180. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.07.034

Kurtz AC, Derry LA, Chadwick OA. 2002. Germanium-silicon fractionation in the weathering environment. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 66(9): 1525−1537. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00869-9

Liao QL, Jin Y, Wu XM, et al. 2005. Artificial environmental concentration coefficients of elements in soils in the Nanjing area. Chinese Geology, 32(1): 141−147. (in Chinese)

Li ST, Wang MY. 2021. Investigation and analysis of germanium enrichment characteristics of soils in Jidong county. Hydraulic science and cold Region engineering, 4(02): 61−64. (in Chinese)

Liu DR. 2020. Geochemical characteristics and influencing factors of Germanium in surface soil of changshan county, Zhejiang Province. Geoscience, 34(01): 97−103. (in Chinese)

Liu Y, Hou LY, Zhao GL, et al. 2015. Mechanism and application of germanium in plant growth. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 23(2008): 931−937. (in Chinese)

Liu YJ. 1984. Element geochemistry. Science Press: 399−407. (in Chinese)

Loell M, Albrecht LC, Felix-henningsen P. 2011. Rare earth elements and relation betweentheir potential bioavailability and soil properties, Nidda Catchment (Central Germany). Plant & Soil, 349(1−2): 303−317. doi: 10.1007/s11104-011-0875-y

Mu ZJ. 2001. Background values and distribution characteristics of Germanium in purple soils in ChongQing areas [D]. Chongqing: Southwest University. (in Chinese)

Murnane RJ, Stallard RF. 1990. Germanium and silicon in rivers of the orinoco drainage basin. Nature, 344(6268): 749−752. doi: 10.1038/344749a0

Onishi, Hiroshi. 2006. Notes On the geochemistry of germanium. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 29(6): 686−694. doi: 10.1246/bcsj.29.686

Rosenberg E. 2009. Germanium: Environmental occurrence, importance and speciation. Reviews in Environmental Science & Bio/technology, 8(1): 29−57. doi: 10.1007/s11157-008-9143-x

Scribner AM, Kurtz AC, Chadwick OA. 2006. Germanium sequestration by soil: Targeting the roles of secondary clays and Fe-oxyhydroxides. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 243(3−4): 760−770. doi: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2006.01.051

Shen YZ, Xia CZ. 1997. Biological function of Germanium and its influence on animal function. Feed Research, (2): 21−22. (in Chinese)

Song C, Liu M, Dong QY, et al. 2022. Variation characteristics of CO₂ in a newly-excavated soil profile, Chinese Loess Plateau: Excavation-induced ancient soil organic carbon decomposition. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 10(1): 19−32. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.01.003

Sun HY, Sun XM, Jia FC, et al. 2020. The eco-geochemical characteristics of germanium and its relationship with the genuine medicinal material Scutellaria baicalensis in Chengde, Hebei Province. Geology of China, 47(06): 1646−1667. (in Chinese)

Tao SH, Bolger PM. 1997. Hazard assessment of Germanium supplements. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology: RTP, 25(3): 211−219. doi: 10.1006/rtph.1997.1098

Taylor SR, Mclennan SM. 1985. The continental crust: Its composition and evolution. The Journal of Geology, 94(4): 57−72.

Tyler G, Olsson T. 2001. Plant uptake of major and minor mineral elements as influenced by soil acidity and liming. Plant and Soil, 230(2): 307−321. doi: 10.1023/A:1010314400976

Wei XY, Liu YH, Wang XM. et al. 2000. Study on form extraction of germanium in soil and its form distribution. Environmental Chemistry, 019(3): 250−255. (in Chinese)

Wei ZQ,Guo Y, QiaoWL. 2021. Distribution characteristics and enrichment mechanism of germanium element in arable soils of Zunyi area, Guizhou. Mineral Resources and Geology, 35(5): 972−979.

Wiche O, Heilmeier H. 2016. Germanium (Ge) and rare earth element (REE) accumulation in selected energy crops cultivated on two different soils. Minerals Engineering, 92(208−215).

Wolf KH, Küster B, Herlnger H, et al. 1978. Metallkatalysatoren in der herstellung vonpolyäthylenterephthalat.2. ermittlung von parametern zur beschreibung der katalytischen aktivität von metall verbindungen in polykondensationsreaktionen. Macromolecular Materials & Engineering, 68(1): 23−37. doi: 10.1002/apmc.1978.050680103

Xu M. 2006. Geostatistics-based characterization of the spatial distribution and temporal changes of soil fertilities in the region around taihu lake in jiangsu province, China [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)

You GZ, Bao DZ, Li PP. 2020. Germanium contentcharacteristics andcause of Germanium-rich soil in anlong county, guizhou province. Journal of Guizhou University (Natural Science), 37(05): 35−39. (in Chinese)

Yu F, Zhang YW, Wang Y, et al. 2021. Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of germanium-rich soil in typical agricultural area of chongqing municipality. Mineral resources and Geology, 30(05): 609−616. (in Chinese)

Yuan H, Zhao L, Wang ML, et al. 2019. Geostatistical analysis and evaluation of soil Germanium content in the qushui area of lhasa river basin. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 50(5): 1079−1084. (in Chinese)

Zeng YY, Zhou JL, Zheng Y, et al. 2017. Geochemical features of Germanium-rich soils and its causes in oasis region of ruoqiang county, xinjiang. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 48(05): 1082−6. (in Chinese)

Zhu LX, Lin H. 2000. Research progress of Germanium. Feed Research(3): 20−23. (in Chinese)

[1]	Meng-lei Ji, Shuai-chao Wei, Wei Zhang, Feng Liu, Yu-zhong Liao, Ruo-xi Yuan, Xiao-xue Yan, Long Li2024: Characterization of rock thermophysical properties and factors affecting thermal conductivity−A case study of Datong Basin, China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 12, 4-15. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280002
[2]	Qiang Liu, Xiao-dong Guo, Chang-qi Wang, Nan Lin, Hui-rong Zhang, Lin Chen, Yan Zhang2023: Changes in groundwater resources and their influencing factors in Songnen Plain, China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 11, 207-220. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280018
[3]	Feng-dan Yu, Gang Qiao, Kai Wang, Xu Zhang2023: Investigation of groundwater characteristics and its influence on Landslides in Heifangtai Plateau using comprehensive geophysical methods, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 11, 171-182. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280015
[4]	Xiu-bo Sun, Chang-lai Guo, Jing Zhang, Jia-quan Sun, Jian Cui, Mao-hua Liu2023: Spatial-temporal difference between nitrate in groundwater and nitrogen in soil based on geostatistical analysis, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 11, 37-46. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280004
[5]	Kong Xiang-ke, Zhang Zi-xuan, Wang Ping, Wang Yan-yan, Zhang Zhao-ji, Han Zhan-tao, Ma Li-sha2022: Transformation of ammonium nitrogen and response characteristics of nitrifying functional genes in tannery sludge contaminated soil, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 10, 223-232. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.03.002
[6]	Wu Yan-hao, Zhou Nian-qing, Wu Zi-jun, Lu Shuai-shuai, Cai Yi2022: Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus coupling relationships and their influencing factors in the critical zone of Dongting Lake wetlands, China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 10, 250-266. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.03.004
[7]	Wei Shuai-chao, Liu Feng, Zhang Wei, Wang Gui-ling, Yuan Ruo-xi, Liao Yu-zhong, Yan Xiao-xue2022: Research on the characteristics and influencing factors of terrestrial heat flow in Guizhou Province, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 10, 166-183. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.02.006
[8]	ZHOU Hao, WU Yong, HUANG Feng, TANG Xue-fang2021: Experimental simulation and dynamic model analysis of Cadmium (Cd) release in soil affected by rainfall leaching in a coal-mining area, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 9, 65-72. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.01.006
[9]	CHEN Peng, CHEN Kang, GAO Ye-xin2018: Analysis of phreatic evaporation law and influence factors of typical lithology in Hebei Plain, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 6, 270-279. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2018.04.003
[10]	TAO Hong, ZHENG Miao-miao, FAN Li-min, LI Wen-li, DING Jia, LI Hui, HE Xu-bo, TAO Fu-ping2017: Research on quality changes and influencing factors of groundwater in the Guanzhong Basin, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5, 296-302.
[11]	LI Jie-biao, SU Rui, YANG Jing-zhi, ZHOU Zhi-chao, JI Rui-li, ZHANG Ming, GAO Yu-feng2016: Distribution characteristics of tritium in the soil in Beishan area of Gansu Province, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 131-140.
[12]	LIU Chun-yan, SUN Ji-chao, JING Ji-hong, ZHANG Ying, GUO Wei-xuan2016: Distribution characteristics and source of BTEX in groundwater in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 238-246.
[13]	WANG Ji-ning, MENG Yong-hui2016: Characteristics analysis and model prediction of sea-salt water intrusion in lower reaches of the Weihe River, Shandong Province, China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 149-156.
[14]	LIU Jin-hui, SUN Zhan-xue, SHI Wei-jun, ZHOU Yi-peng2015: Factors influencing in-situ leaching of uranium mining in a sandstone deposit in Shihongtan, Northwest China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 16-20.
[15]	ZHU Xi, ZHANG Qing-lian, WANG Wan-li, LIU Yan-guang2015: Study on the influencing factors of rock-soil thermophysical parameters in shallow geothermal energy, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 256-267.
[16]	CUI Xiang-xiang, FEI Yu-hong, ZHANG Zhao-ji, LI Ya-song2015: Distribution and migration of lead in soil of Xiao River, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 98-104.
[17]	XU Guang-ming, QI Jian-feng, BI Pan, BAI Gao-feng2015: Distribution and evolution features of salinized soil in Hebei Plain, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 21-29.
[18]	Qing YI, Yan-pei CHENG, Jian-kang ZHANG2014: Analysis on the Salt Content Characteristics of Southern Saline-Alkali Soil in Datong Basin and Its Causes, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 2, 63-72.
[19]	Jian-ye GUI, Chen-ling ZHANG, Yong-tao ZHANG, Li ZHANG2014: Rapid Determination of Polar Herbicides in Soil Samples Using Accelerated Ultrasonic Extraction (AUE) in Combination with Dispersion and In-situ Derivatization, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 2, 56-62.
[20]	2013: Analysis of Groundwater Environmental Conditions and Influencing Factors in Typical City in Northwest China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 1, 60-73.