Fatemeh Einlo; Mohammad Reza Ekhtesasi; Mehdi Ghorbani; Parviz Abdinejad

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280010

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280010

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-07-21
- 录用日期: 2023-01-28
- 网络出版日期: 2023-06-15
- 刊出日期: 2023-06-30

Determine the most appropriate strategy for groundwater management in arid and semi-arid regions, Abhar Plain, Iran

1.
Watershed Management Engineering, Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Iran
2.
Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Iran
3.
Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran University, Iran
4.
Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

More Information

Corresponding author: fatemeeinlo@ut.ac.ir

摘要

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Abstract: Due to growing demand and reduction of water resources and increasing pollution of water, driven by dramatic population and economic growth, arid and semi-arid land’s imminent water problems are nowadays aggravating. This study aims to determine the most appropriate management strategies for balancing the Abhar plain aquifer using the SWOT coupled with AHP technique. The results indicate that weaknesses prevail over strengths as well as threats over opportunities. The placement in the quarter of weaknesses-threats with a defensive strategy indicates the critical condition of the Abhar plain aquifer. The most appropriate solutions to achieve the goal of balancing the groundwater were prioritized by AHP method. According to results, improper management of water consumption with a weight of 72.5% is the most destructive factor in reducing groundwater resources. Among the types of consumption, the effect of an agricultural factor carries a weight of 74.2%. The exploitation of illegal wells, overdraft of exploitation license provisions of wells, reduction of precipitation and traditional irrigation methods were selected as the destructive factors causing the deteriration of groundwater resources. Also, with filling the illegal wells, changing the type of cultivation and greenhouse crops cultivation, installing a smart water meter, observance the provisions of the water exploitation license, implementing integrated pressurized irrigation systems, benefiting from suitable climatic conditions and geographical location for cultivating and developing the low-water use species and industries and on the other hand, with implementing artificial recharge to control the surface water resources and reduce abstraction from groundwater aquifers, the adverse trend of Abhar Plain groundwater resources can be controlled.
- Groundwater balancing /
- Model /
- SWOT /
- AHP /
- Abhar Plain aquifer

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Figure 1. Location of Abhar Plain in Iran

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Figure 2. Matrix of internal and external evaluation factors in SWOT

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Table 1. The most important problems of groundwater resources destruction and imbalance in the Abhar Plain aquifer

Main criteria	Sub-criteria	Alternatives
Climate change	Decrease of precipitation	-
	Increase of temperature	-
	Changes in the precipitation pattern	-
Improper management of water consumption	Agriculture	Increase of cultivation area
		Drilling and exploitation of illegal wells
		Overdraft of exploitation license provisions for agricultural water wells
		Implementation of traditional irrigation methods
		Improper cultivation pattern
		Low price of water in the agricultural sector
		Lack of awareness and problems of agricultural promotion
	Industry	Non-industrial consumption of water in the shadow of industry (change the type of unauthorized consumption)
		Overdraft of exploitation license provisions for industrial water wells
		Development of high water-consuming mines
		Establishment of high water-consuming industries that do not comply with the water capacity of the region
		Low price of water in the industry sector
		No recycle of industrial effluents in water circulation
	Drinking and sanitation	Water consumption in agriculture and green space under the shadow of drinking and sanitation water
		Water consumption in the industrial sector under the shadow of drinking and sanitation water
		Water and sewage transmission network wear
		Uniformity of drinking water distribution network with green space
		Low price of water in the drinking and sanitation sector
		Cultural and promotional problems and lack of attention to proper water consumption and waste of household water

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Table 2. The best ways to protect groundwater resources and balance in the Abhar Plain aquifer

Main criteria	Sub-criteria
Irrigation method	Flood or surface irrigation method
	Drip irrigation method
	Subcortical irrigation method
	Injectable irrigation method
	Pressurized irrigation method
Type of cultivation	Greenhouse crops cultivation
	Plastic cultivation
	Free (outdoors) cultivation
Pattern of cultivation	Almond and walnut trees
	Apricot, pear, peach, cherry trees
	Low-water demand cereals (wheat and barley)
	High-water demand cereals and fodder (corn, alfalfa, clover)
	Oil seeds (sunflower, rapeseed)
	Vegetable cultivation
Consumption management	Installation of the smart water meter
	Filling the illegal wells
	Observance of the provisions of the water exploitation license
	Blackout of water wells
	Reformation and insulation of irrigation system and water transfer
	Increasing the stairs rate of water price
	Water pricing in different sections
Reducing the development of water-intensive industries	Reducing the development of the production of polymer and fiberglass sanitary pipes and tubes
	Reducing the development of the steel industry
	Reducing the development of the petrochemical and chemical industry
	Reducing the development of the textile industry
	Reducing the development of the electronic and technology industry
	Reducing the development of the food industry
	Reducing the development of wood production industries
Reducing the development of water-intensive mines	Reducing the development of sand and gravel mines
	Reducing the development of building stone mines
	Reducing the development of copper mines
	Reducing the development of industrial stone mines
Reducing the non-industrial consumption	Reducing industrial water consumption in the non-industrial sector
	Strengthen water recycling in the industry
	Separation of industrial water and drinking water
	Reducing evaporation from recirculation ponds
	Use of recycled water for irrigation of green spaces
Drinking and sanitation and green space water consumption	Separation of drinking water and sanitation pipelines
	Construction of the station’s water card pump in different parts of the city
	Distribution of gallons of drinking water throughout the city
	Gradual increase in water prices for the drinking and sanitation sector
	Separation of green space water from drinking water

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Table 3. The fundamental scale of values representing the intensities of judgments between two groundwater management criteria

Intensity of importance	Definition	Description
1, 1/1	Equal importance	Two criteria are of equal importance
2, 1/2	Weak importance
3, 1/3	Moderate importance	Moderate importance of one criterion over the other
4, 1/4	Moderate plus importance
5, 1/5	Strong importance	Strong importance of one criterion over the other
6, 1/6	Strong plus importance
7, 1/7	Very strong importance	Very strong importance of one criterion over the other, evidence based
8, 1/8	More, more strong importance
9, 1/9	Extreme importance	Unquestionable or demonstrated support of the importance of one criterion over the other
Notes: From Saaty and Vargas (2006).

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Table 4. Random index for matrix (Reproduced from Saaty, 1994)

Order of matrix	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Random index (RI)	0	0	0.52	0.89	1.11	1.25	1.35	1.40	1.45	1.49

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Table 5. Analysis of internal factors (Strengths)

No	Strengths	Relative importance	Rank	Final value
1	Participation of exploiters in groundwater management (management, protection, utilization)	0.120	3	0.359
2	Promoting the public awareness of proper water use to reduce water consumption	0.115	3	0.346
3	Use of mineral potentials instead of water-loving agriculture	0.081	1	0.081
4	Suitable climatic conditions for the cultivation of low-water demand species	0.123	3	0.368
5	Participation and cooperation of the people with the relevant authorities	0.105	2	0.210
6	Cohesion and solidarity between different organizations and social communities	0.114	3	0.342
7	Replacement of consumption water from groundwater resources with runoff extraction	0.093	1	0.093
8	Suitable geographical location and connection with the three metropolises of Tehran, Tabriz, the Qazvin to develop low-water demand industries	0.145	4	0.580
9	Increase the quality of consumption water	0.104	2	0.207
Overall strength rating		2.590

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Table 6. Analysis of internal factors (Weaknesses)

No	Weaknesses	Relative importance	Rank	Final value
1	Insufficient income, lack of productive employment and strong dependence of the rural economy on agricultural products and activities	0.113	4	0.450
2	Lack of sufficient information and knowledge among farmers and exploiters and their old age	0.102	3	0.305
3	Change of hydraulic gradient and influx of saline water to fresh water	0.064	1	0.064
4	Increased salinity in soil resources	0.065	1	0.065
5	Lack of attention to the coherent organizational structure in water resources management	0.098	3	0.294
6	Existence of traditional irrigation systems, low irrigation efficiency, productivity of production factors (water and soil) and performance at the level and high production costs	0.126	4	0.504
7	Lack of intellectual space to raise awareness about water crisis issue	0.093	2	0.186
8	Over-exploitation of permitted wells	0.118	4	0.470
9	The exploitation of illegal wells	0.124	4	0.494
10	Lack of construction and completion of the wastewater treatment plant to benefit from treated water in agriculture, industry and green space	0.099	3	0.297
Overall weaknesses rating		3.130

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Table 7. Analysis of external factors (Opportunities)

No	Opportunities	Relative importance	Rank	Final value
1	Ability to provide information to strengthen culture in groundwater reclamation and balancing	0.093	1	0.093
2	Possibility of implementing the Danab Comprehensive Plan (National Student Water Rescue Plan) from which the concepts of quantity and quality of water, virtual water, intrinsic and economic value of water could be raised	0.087	1	0.087
3	Possibility to increase the value of agricultural products by improving the quality and proper processing	0.102	2	0.204
4	Participation of clerics and involving them to promote knowledge related to water resources	0.088	1	0.088
5	Equipping water wells with smart water meters to control consumption	0.111	4	0.443
6	Watershed management and aquifer artificial recharge measures to prevent floods and loss of water resources and surface runoff extraction	0.118	4	0.472
7	Establishment of various cooperatives to create local markets for buying and selling water	0.091	1	0.091
8	Optimize the distribution network to reduce water loss	0.093	1	0.093
9	Land consolidation and prevention of land fragmentation through integrated pressurized irrigation systems	0.112	4	0.447
10	Amend and facilitate upstream laws to change the type of agricultural water consumption to other uses	0.105	3	0.316
Overall rating of opportunities		2.330

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Table 8. Analysis of external factors (Threats)

No	Threats	Relative importance	Rank	Final value
1	Occurrence of migration phenomenon and increase of population and exploitation in the region	0.061	1	0.061
2	Occurrence of drought and climate change (scarcity and improper distribution of temporal and spatial precipitation)	0.106	4	0.425
3	Insufficient funds and facilities	0.100	3	0.299
4	Lack of proper cultivation pattern	0.093	3	0.279
5	Lack of active and legal supervision from the Ministry of Energy and Agricultural Jihad in water consumption in the agricultural sector	0.093	3	0.279
6	Expansion of industries with high-water demand in the plain	0.040	3	0.283
7	Lack of stock market for agricultural products	0.078	2	0.156
8	Impossibility and cost of intra-basin and extra-basin water transfer projects to the region	0.088	2	0.175
9	Absence of beneficiaries in the top-down planning and decision-making sector	0.103	4	0.412
10	Uncertainty about the true value of water in agriculture, industry, drinking and health	0.107	4	0.429
11	Existence of upstream rules in issuing exploitation licenses and the existence of rent	0.077	2	0.153
Overall rating of threats		2.950

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Table 9. The framework of pairwise comparison of the problem ofaquifer imbalance in Abhar Plain

Criteria	Water consumption management	Climate change	Standardized weights /%
Water consumption management		2.63448	72.5
Climate change			27.5
Inconsistency rate: 0.00

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Table 10. The general framework of factors causing degradation and groundwater imbalance in the Abhar Plain aquifer

Criteria	Standardized weights /%	Criteria	Standardized weights /%
Drilling and exploitation of illegal wells	18.2	Change the precipitation pattern	3.2
Overdraft of exploitation license provisions for agricultural water wells	9.6	Increase in the temperature	2.7
Reduction of precipitation	9.3	Water consumption in agriculture and green space under the shadow of drinking and sanitation	2.6
Implementation of traditional irrigation methods	7.6	No use of industrial effluents in water circulation	2.5
Low price of water in the agriculture sector	6.1	Identity of drinking water distribution network with green space	2.2
Increase the area under cultivation	5.7	Development of the mines with high-water consumption	2.1
Improper cultivation pattern	4.8	Cultural and promotional problems and lack of attention to proper water consumption and waste of household water	2.0
Overdraft of exploitation license provisions in industrial water wells	3.8	Low price of water in the industry sector	1.9
Non-industrial consumption in the shadow of industry	3.6	Water consumption in the industrial sector under the shadow of drinking and sanitation	1.8
Establishment of water-intensive industries that do not comply with the region	3.5	Low price of water in the drinking and sanitation sector	1.8
Lack of awareness and problems of agricultural promotion	3.4	Water and sewage transmission network wear	1.6

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Table 11. Prioritized solutions for strengthening groundwater resources and balance in the Abhar plain aquifer

Priority	Sub-criteria
10.1	Filling the illegal wells
7.6	Greenhouse crops cultivation
7.6	Install the smart water meter
7.1	Observance of the provisions of the water exploitation license
6.3	Water pricing in different sections
6.0	Drip irrigation method
6.0	Pressurized irrigation method
4.9	Plastic cultivation method
4.0	Subcortical irrigation method
3.9	Low-water demand cereals (wheat and barley) cultivation
3.1	Injectable irrigation method
3.1	Free (outdoors) cultivation method
2.7	Almond and walnut trees cultivation
2.7	Control and reduction of industrial water consumption in the non-industrial sector
2.3	Flood or surface irrigation method
1.9	Apricot, pear, peach, and cherry trees cultivation
1.7	Reducing the development of sand and gravel mines
1.6	Strengthen water recycling in the industry
1.5	Gradual increase in water prices
1.3	Irrigation of green space with water from recycling
1.2	Construction of station card pumps in different parts of the city
1.2	Distribution of gallons of drinking water throughout the city
1.1	Oil seeds (sunflower, rapeseed) cultivation
1.1	Reducing the development of the steel industry
1.0	Vegetable cultivation
1.0	Reducing the copper mines
0.8	Reformation and insulation of irrigation system and water transfer
0.8	Separation of industrial water and drinking water
0.7	Blackout of water wells
0.7	Reducing the development of the textile industry
0.7	Separation of green space water from drinking water
0.6	Cereals and fodder (corn, alfalfa, clover) cultivation with high-water demand
0.5	Reducing the development of the petrochemical and chemical industry
0.5	Reducing the development of the food industry
0.5	Reducing the development of building stone mines
0.5	Reducing evaporation from recirculation ponds
0.4	Reducing the development of industrial stone mines
0.4	Separation of drinking water and sanitation pipelines
0.3	Reducing the development of the electronic and technology industry
0.2	Reducing the development of polymer and fiberglass sanitary pipes and the production of the tubes industry
0.2	Reducing the development of wood production industries
0.2	Gradual increase in the price of water for drinking and sanitation

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