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Estimating aquifer transmissivity using Dar-Zarrouk parameters to delineate groundwater potential zones in Alluri Seetharama Raju District, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Abstract: This study aimed to explore groundwater potential zones in the EGMB of Alluri Seetharama Raju district, Andhra Pradesh, India, for drinking and agriculture purposes. To achieve this goal, 72 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were conducted using the Schlumberger electrode configuration. The resistivity sounding data were analyzed to determine the aquifer thickness, basement depth, Dar-Zarrouk parameters, and aquifer transmissivity. Spatial distribution maps were generated for these parameters to understand the subsurface formation. The analysis revealed a linear groundwater potential zone (8.46 km2) in the eastern part of the study area, extending in the NNE-SSW direction for 9.6 km. Six VES locations (P24, P27, P29, P30, P33, and P38) in this zone exhibit good potential (>30 m aquifer thickness), while the three VES locations (OP19, P5, and P46) in the central region are recommended for drilling bore wells. Additionally, moderate aquifer thickness (20–30 m) are identified in other VES locations (OP14, OP20, P4, P10, P12, P13, P15, P17, P18, P31, P46, and P50) along streams in the western and central part of the area, which can yield reasonable quantities of water. This information is useful for groundwater exploration and watershed management to meet the demands of tribal population in the study area.
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Figure 3. Vertical electrical resistivity sounding curves obtained from the study area
Figure 4. Spatial distribution maps of (a) Aquifer thickness, and (b) Basement depth in the study area
Figure 5. Spatial distribution maps of (a) Total longitudinal conductance (b) Total transverse resistance (c) Longitudinal resistivity (d) Transverse resistivity (e) Coefficient of anisotropy of the study area
Figure 7. Map of potential groundwater locations based on aquifer transmissivity values
Table 1. Stratigraphic succession of geological formations in the study area
Geological formation Characteristics Migmatites Hard, Foliated rocks Charnockites (Basic, Acid, and intermediate) Hard, Massive rocks Khondalites Hard, Foliated rocks 
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Table 2. Classification of lineaments (Sitharam et al. 2006; Venkateswara et al. 2021)
No. Type of the lineament Length of the lineament No. Lineaments identified in the area 1 Medium 10–100 km - 2 Minor 2–10 km 16 3 Micro <2 km 06
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Table 3. Rating of the protective capacity of aquifers (After Oladapo and Akintorinwa, 2007)
Total longitudinal conductance (Siemens) Protective capacity rating > 10 Excellent 5–10 Very good 0.7–4.9 Good 0.2–0.69 Moderate 0.1–0.19 Weak <0.1 Poor
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Table 4. Interpreted layer parameters from VES data in the study area
VES code Latitude degrees Longitude degrees True resistivity Thickness Total
thickness
/mRMS
error
/%ρ 1
/Ω·mρ 2
/Ω·mρ 3
/Ω·mρ 4
/Ω·mρ 5
/Ω·mh 1
/mh 2
/mh 3
/m
h 4
/mOP1 18.08010 82.66956 34.0 22.9 194 2.60 21.30 23.90 0.539 OP4 18.03600 82.70123 81.8 350.0 495 1.06 6.39 7.45 0.485 OP5 18.06773 82.66445 18.8 39.3 308 3.18 25.30 28.48 0.789 OP7 18.09249 82.67175 11.8 38.1 307 1.59 6.16 7.75 0.951 OP8 18.09381 82.67082 178.0 134.0 636 0.75 5.41 6.16 0.432 OP9 18.18840 82.69879 176.0 402.0 1 075 1.19 5.87 7.06 0.759 OP10 18.08856 82.67734 10.3 67.8 6.90 6.90 0.436 OP13 18.06907 82.69553 19.0 44.0 2.34 2.34 0.831 OP14 18.04630 82.69276 148.0 25.5 125 1.40 23.10 24.50 0.921 OP16 18.09164 82.67108 49.9 9.83 1 818 5.57 3.52 9.09 1.060 OP17 18.09029 82.67393 109.0 425.0 18.50 18.50 0.971 OP18 18.12948 82.63722 229.0 361.0 148 0.89 7.03 7.92 0.535 OP19 18.12851 82.62985 365.0 121.0 89.2 188 0.75 4.69 31.00 36.44 0.719 OP20 18.09574 82.67031 154.0 42.8 392 0.75 30.70 31.45 1.180 OP21 18.09642 82.67066 82.1 47.7 183 0.90 17.00 17.9 0.938 OP22 18.08095 82.66179 15.3 40.0 1 423 1.36 6.66 8.02 1.540 OP23 18.07507 82.65756 18.7 41.3 180 1.35 6.98 8.33 0.909 OP24 18.12571 82.64424 74.2 30.6 64.4 2.38 10.20 12.58 0.581 OP25 18.12466 82.64470 70.1 35.9 150 4.81 16.00 20.81 0.741 OP26 18.07412 82.65808 20.6 133.0 2.43 2.43 1.020 OP27 18.10106 82.67337 357.0 55.9 478 1.28 15.70 16.98 1.990 OP28 18.10011 82.67347 329.0 55.9 473 1.24 18.80 20.04 0.728 P1 18.08917 82.58722 165.0 63.79 934 5.41 13.50 18.91 1.460 P2 18.09028 82.65444 177.0 25.6 14 755 3.59 8.12 11.71 4.340 P3 18.09056 82.63889 70.4 145.3 209 3.16 23.10 26.26 0.522 P4 18.09110 82.64111 122.0 39.5 313 10.80 28.90 39.70 1.220 P5 18.09110 82.63944 91.7 49.6 4051 10.90 25.10 36.00 0.635 P6 18.09389 82.67363 102.0 38.0 1 558 11.40 16.50 27.90 0.711 P7 18.09911 82.64000 89.2 45.3 214 1.97 5.08 7.05 0.752 P8 18.09389 82.65410 36.3 199.0 6.37 6.37 1.870 P9 18.09667 82.60694 9.76 3000 27.40 27.40 1.220 P10 18.09667 82.59083 30.0 8.20 276 1.30 19.00 20.30 2.050 P11 18.09306 82.59472 143.0 9.00 450 1.40 10.00 11.40 1.590 P12 18.09389 82.59444 14.2 41.0 9.11 2 000 1.50 2.58 11.10 15.18 0.869 P13 18.06806 82.59970 12.7 6.55 17.7 3 201 1.54 3.87 19.50 24.91 1.600 P14 18.08417 82.59917 13.4 30.8 101 10.80 7.78 18.58 0.894 P15 18.08000 82.60722 94.7 21.3 132 1.75 18.00 19.75 1.780 P16 18.08028 82.60639 6.23 16.3 1591 9.52 4.25 13.77 1.910 P17 18.07833 82.60389 14.5 39.4 109 9.91 21.10 31.01 0.631 P18 18.07972 82.60361 11.8 8787 16.10 16.10 1.040 P19 18.06806 82.59972 123.0 24.5 3 000 1.20 16.20 17.40 2.240 P20 18.06917 82.60694 17.7 31.4 432 3.21 22.20 25.41 1.030 P21 18.06806 82.59972 5.63 3000 11.50 11.50 1.900 P22 18.09639 82.59667 5.59 20.6 3 480 7.36 7.55 14.91 3.630 P23 18.07056 82.67139 19.2 8.33 581 1.69 23.50 25.19 1.440 P24 18.07111 82.67194 18.8 8.25 2390 1.81 30.90 32.71 1.450 P25 18.09361 82.68692 68.7 14.2 761 1.50 10.50 12.00 1.430 P26 18.09333 82.68889 82.0 15.4 17.2 19.2 885 1.56 1.79 3.06 10.80 17.21 0.616 P27 18.09667 82.68611 5.58 13.0 593 3.61 40.00 43.61 0.545 P28 18.09778 82.68556 6.87 14.7 6.8 1 284 3.28 2.01 21.20 26.49 1.460 P29 18.09806 82.68583 6.74 13.0 1 284 5.93 29.80 35.73 1.000 P30 18.09778 82.68639 6.36 10.3 3 232 6.97 30.70 37.67 1.070 P31 18.10056 82.69083 5.19 37.2 131 5.18 29.10 34.28 0.532 P32 18.09972 82.69111 5.02 84.8 5.60 5.60 2.220 P33 18.07612 82.67821 9.31 12.0 652 1.78 59.40 61.18 2.160 P34 18.08182 82.68410 6.26 27.2 7.09 3161 2.80 4.27 17.20 24.27 2.020 P35 18.07611 82.67806 6.18 62.9 17.50 17.50 1.560 P36 18.07861 82.67694 5.89 60.0 12.50 12.50 1.450 P37 18.07722 82.67861 5.36 18.3 890 15.20 2.66 17.86 2.620 P38 18.07722 82.67822 5.34 25.6 890 14.70 59.20 73.90 2.440 P39 18.09056 82.66750 178.0 43.3 13 105 2.14 22.00 24.14 3.000 P40 18.09028 82.66670 44.9 21.9 161 1.50 8.55 10.05 1.870 P41 18.10944 82.68010 7.14 124.0 11.80 11.80 1.440 P42 18.11083 82.68018 6.91 129.0 10.70 10.70 2.200 P43 18.10472 82.64667 190.0 19.5 6 000 1.20 18.00 19.20 2.190 P44 18.10500 82.64778 93.6 34.3 203 1.50 5.39 6.89 2.230 P45 18.10472 82.61220 152.0 13.8 1 278 1.00 6.70 7.70 2.120 P46 18.10500 82.65222 54.4 82.8 9 659 4.13 32.90 37.03 0.721 P47 18.14111 82.69000 59.4 103.0 714 3.10 26.20 29.30 0.617 P48 18.14440 82.69000 87.5 31.0 97.3 1.50 8.57 10.07 0.350 P49 18.14111 82.69000 107.0 46.6 96.5 665 1.50 2.55 22.20 26.25 1.110 P50 18.09528 82.67220 94.7 50.0 3 144 1.92 29.10 31.02 1.360
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Table 5. Resistivity range of subsurface layers (After Venkateswara et al. 2019b)
No Resistivity (Ω·m) Formation 1 <10 Clayey sand/highly weathered/highly saturated formation 2 10–60 Weathered formations 3 61–150 Semi-weathered/fractured formation 4 > 150 Hard rock
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Table 6. Secondary geoelectrical parameters and transmissivity values
VES
codeLatitude degrees Longitude degrees Longitudinal
conductance
(S)/siemensTransverse
resistance (T)/Ωm2Anisotropy
(λ)Longitudinal
resistivity
(ρl)/Ω·mTransverse
resistivity
(ρt)/Ω·mAquifer transmissivity
(Tr)/m2/dOP1 18.08010 82.66956 1.01 576.17 1.01 23.74 24.11 523.91 OP4 18.03600 82.70123 0.03 2323.21 1.14 238.66 311.84 180.34 OP5 18.06773 82.66445 0.81 1054.07 1.03 35.03 37.01 337.46 OP7 18.09249 82.67175 0.30 253.46 1.12 26.14 32.70 86.16 OP8 18.09381 82.67082 0.04 858.44 1.00 138.16 139.36 35.50 OP9 18.18840 82.69879 0.02 2569.18 1.05 330.47 363.91 45.36 OP10 18.08856 82.67734 0.67 71.07 1.00 10.30 10.30 302.75 OP13 18.06907 82.69553 0.12 44.46 1.00 19.00 19.00 58.00 OP14 18.04630 82.69276 0.92 796.25 1.10 26.77 32.50 588.14 OP16 18.09164 82.67108 0.47 312.54 1.33 19.35 34.38 63.07 OP17 18.09029 82.67393 0.17 2016.50 1.00 109.00 109.00 89.87 OP18 18.12948 82.63722 0.02 2741.64 1.01 339.04 346.17 67.66 OP19 18.12851 82.62985 0.39 3606.44 1.03 93.83 98.97 236.81 OP20 18.09574 82.67031 0.72 1429.46 1.02 43.55 45.45 388.07 OP21 18.09642 82.67066 0.37 884.79 1.01 48.73 49.43 194.80 OP22 18.08095 82.66179 0.26 287.21 1.07 31.40 35.81 88.86 OP23 18.07507 82.65756 0.24 313.52 1.04 34.54 37.64 91.19 OP24 18.12571 82.64424 0.37 488.72 1.06 34.43 38.85 253.77 OP25 18.12466 82.64470 0.51 911.58 1.04 40.46 43.80 347.62 OP26 18.07412 82.65808 0.12 50.06 1.00 20.60 20.60 55.85 OP27 18.10106 82.67337 0.28 1334.59 1.15 59.70 78.60 216.24 OP28 18.10011 82.67347 0.34 1458.88 1.11 58.93 72.80 236.38 P1 18.08917 82.58722 0.24 1753.82 1.09 77.37 92.75 220.16 P2 18.09028 82.65444 0.34 843.30 1.44 34.70 72.02 618.20 P3 18.09056 82.63889 0.20 3578.89 1.03 128.81 136.29 91.52 P4 18.09110 82.64111 0.82 2459.15 1.13 48.40 61.94 779.60 P5 18.09110 82.63944 0.62 2244.49 1.04 57.61 62.35 458.22 P6 18.09389 82.67363 0.55 1789.80 1.12 51.10 64.15 611.49 P7 18.09911 82.64000 0.13 405.85 1.05 52.52 57.57 98.73 P8 18.09389 82.65410 0.18 231.23 1.00 36.30 36.30 86.31 P9 18.09667 82.60694 2.81 267.42 1.00 9.76 9.76 1264.15 P10 18.09667 82.59083 2.36 194.80 1.06 8.60 9.60 1289.37 P11 18.09306 82.59472 1.12 290.20 1.58 10.17 25.46 1604.52 P12 18.09389 82.59444 1.39 228.20 1.17 10.94 15.03 1232.45 P13 18.06806 82.59970 1.81 390.06 1.07 13.73 15.66 583.50 P14 18.08417 82.59917 1.06 384.34 1.09 17.55 20.69 197.08 P15 18.08000 82.60722 0.86 549.13 1.10 22.87 27.80 574.35 P16 18.08028 82.60639 1.79 128.58 1.10 7.70 9.34 225.57 P17 18.07833 82.60389 1.22 975.04 1.11 25.44 31.44 310.62 P18 18.07972 82.60361 1.36 189.98 1.00 11.80 11.80 622.27 P19 18.06806 82.59972 0.67 544.50 1.10 25.93 31.29 434.52 P20 18.06917 82.60694 0.89 753.90 1.02 28.60 29.67 372.42 P21 18.06806 82.59972 2.04 64.75 1.00 5.63 5.63 886.42 P22 18.09639 82.59667 1.68 196.67 1.22 8.86 13.19 219.43 P23 18.07056 82.67139 2.91 228.20 1.02 8.66 9.06 1465.24 P24 18.07111 82.67194 3.84 288.95 1.02 8.51 8.83 1890.23 P25 18.09361 82.68692 0.76 252.15 1.15 15.76 21.01 577.46 P26 18.09333 82.68889 0.73 674.97 1.29 23.65 39.22 862.81 P27 18.09667 82.68611 3.72 540.14 1.03 11.71 12.39 1467.18 P28 18.09778 82.68556 3.73 196.24 1.02 7.10 7.41 1865.21 P29 18.09806 82.68583 3.17 427.37 1.03 11.26 11.96 1160.85 P30 18.09778 82.68639 4.08 360.54 1.02 9.24 9.57 1535.85 P31 18.10056 82.69083 1.78 1109.40 1.30 19.25 32.36 394.94 P32 18.09972 82.69111 1.12 28.11 1.00 5.02 5.02 480.38 P33 18.07612 82.67821 5.14 729.37 1.00 11.90 11.92 2312.66 P34 18.08182 82.68410 3.03 255.62 1.15 8.01 10.53 2241.18 P35 18.07611 82.67806 2.83 108.15 1.00 6.18 6.18 1236.57 P36 18.07861 82.67694 2.12 73.63 1.00 5.89 5.89 923.76 P37 18.07722 82.67861 2.98 130.15 1.10 5.99 7.29 1959.43 P38 18.07722 82.67822 5.07 1594.02 1.22 14.59 21.57 1168.54 P39 18.09056 82.66750 0.52 1333.52 1.09 46.41 55.24 353.98 P40 18.09028 82.66670 0.42 254.60 1.03 23.71 25.33 252.37 P41 18.10944 82.68010 1.65 84.25 1.00 7.14 7.14 728.73 P42 18.11083 82.68018 1.55 73.94 1.00 6.91 6.91 681.29 P43 18.10472 82.64667 0.93 579.00 1.21 20.66 30.16 718.29 P44 18.10500 82.64778 0.17 325.28 1.09 39.79 47.21 135.47 P45 18.10472 82.61220 0.49 244.46 1.42 15.65 31.75 591.63 P46 18.10500 82.65222 0.47 2948.79 1.01 78.24 79.63 223.59 P47 18.14111 82.69000 0.31 2882.74 1.01 95.58 98.39 143.34 P48 18.14440 82.69000 0.29 396.92 1.07 34.30 39.42 201.00 P49 18.14111 82.69000 0.30 2421.63 1.02 87.85 92.25 136.58 P50 18.09528 82.67220 0.60 1636.82 1.01 51.50 52.77 329.02
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Table 7. Aquifer classification based on the transmissivity values (Offodile, 1983; Venkateswara et al. 2022)
Transmissivity (Tr)
/m2/dClassification of aquifers No of sounding points based on Tr value >500 Good potential 31 50–500 Moderate potential 39 5–50 Low potential 02 0.5–5 Very low potential - <0.5 Negligible potential -
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