E-mail alert
Rss
Geothermal anomalies in the Xianshuihe area: Implications for tunnel construction along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, China
-
Abstract: This study presents a comprehensively analysis of geothermal characteristics in the Xianshuihe geothermal area along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, using temperature logging, temperature monitoring and thermal conductivity measurement, and regional geothermal geological survey data. The research focuses on the geothermal background, geothermal field, and their potential impact on the surrounding tunnels. The investigation reveals that the average heat flow value in the study area is approximately 73.0 mW/m2, significantly higher than the average terrestrial heat flow in mainland China (62.5 mW/m2). This high terrestrial heat flow signifies a distinct thermal background in the area. In addition, geothermal anomalies in the area are found to be closely associated with the distribution of hot springs along NW faults, indicating a strong control by the Xianshuihe fault zone. The study concludes that the region's favorable conditions for geothermal resources are attributed to the combination of high terrestrial heatflow background and water-conducting faults. However, these conditions also pose a potential threat of heat damage to the tunnels along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway. To evaluate the risk, the research takes into account the terrestrial heat flow, thermal conductivity of the tunnel surrounding rocks, characteristics of the regional constant temperature layer, as well as the distribution of hot springs and faults. The analysis specifically focuses on the thermal damage risk of Kangding 1# tunnel and 2# tunnel passing through the study area. Based on the findings, it is determined that Kangding 1# tunnel and 2# tunnel have relatively low risk of heat damage, as they have avoided most of the high temperature anomaly areas. However, several sections of the tunnels do traverse zones with low to medium temperatures, where surface rock temperatures can reach up to 45°C. Therefore, these regions should not be neglected during the construction and operation of the tunnel project, and mitigation measures may be necessary to address the potential heat-related challenges in the area.
-
Key words:
- Xianshuihe geothermal zone /
- Terrestrial heat flow /
- Hot spring /
- Tunnel /
- Heat damage
-
Figure 1. Distribution of faults with geothermal activity and geothermal manifestations in the Xianshuihe fault zone
①- Zhonggu hot spring group；②- Qisehai hot spring group；③- Reshuitang hot spring group；④- Erdaoqiao hot spring；⑤- Lucheng hot spring group；⑥- Zheduotang hot spring；⑦- Tangniba hot spring；①- Kangding Tunnel No. 1；②- Kangding Tunnel No. 2；①- Yalahe fault；②- Selaha fault；③- Southern Mugecuo fault；④- Zheduotang fault；⑤- Yunongxi fault
Figure 2. Comparison between the temperature curves of representative boreholes with conductive temperature rise ((a) and (b)) and temperature curves of boreholes with convective temperature rise (c)
(a)SK-ZDS-2; (b) ZDS-02; (c) ZK1 and ZK2 (Zhang et al. 2019)
Figure 3. Profile schematically showing the lithologies of Kangding Tunnels No. 1 and No. 2
1-Tangniba fault; 2- Yulongxi fault; 3- Huiyuan Temple-Lejipu fault; 4- Jinlong Temple-Mozigou fault; 5- Zheduotang branch fault; 6- Daxueshan-Nonggeshan fault; 7- Sandaoqiaogou fault; 8- Yalagou fault. ①- Tangniba hot spring；②- Zheduotang hot spring； ③- Yaochi hot spring；④- Erdaoqiao hot spring
Figure 4. Isothermal map of predicted rock temperatures for tunnel faces of Kangding Tunnels No. 1 and No. 2 of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway
1- Ultra-high-temperature zone (T ＞ 60°C); 2- High-temperature zone (50‒60°C); 3- Moderately high-temperature zone (37‒50°C); 4- Slightly high-temperature zone (28‒37°C); 5- Constant temperature zone (T < 28°C); ①- Yunongxi fault；②- Zheduotang fault； ③- Southern Mugecuo fault；④- Selaha fault；⑤- Yalahe fault；
Table 1. Statistics of thermal conductivity of major lithologies in Xianshuihe geothermal anomalous area
Lithology Sample quantity Variation range of thermal conductivity / W/m·K Mean thermal conductivity / W/m·K Comment Quartz sandstone 23 1.48–5.15 3.33 Core samples from SK-ZDS-02 Limestone 8 2.29–3.44 2.99 Core samples from ZDS-2 Biotite 9 2.28–2.65 2.40 Core samples from ZDS-1 Lithic sandstone 3 3.38–3.9 3.64 Surface rock samples Slate 4 2.05–2.43 2.20 Surfaces rock samples Gneiss 16 1.64–4.68 2.70 Surface rock samples 
下载: 导出CSV
Table 2. Calculation results of terrestrial heat-flow values in the surroundings of Kangding City
No. Borehole Survey section depth/m Geothermal gradient
/ °C/kmAverage thermal conductivity Terrestrial heat flow
/ mW/m2Sample quantity Data quality 1 ZDS-2 50‒200 21.3±0.21 2.99 64.7±0.6 9 A 2 SK-ZDS-02 100‒800 24.0±0.05 3.33 80.0±0.2 23 A
下载: 导出CSV
Table 3. Characteristics of hot springs around faults in the study area
Fault Hot spring
groupLocation Elevation
/mTemperature
/°CFlow rate
/L/sMajor lithology Yalahe fault Erdaoqiao hot spring group Erdaoqiao of Kangding City 2 620.05 37.2 36 Late Yanshanian migmatite Reshuitang hot spring group Low-lying area near the road on the opposite bank of Reshuitang in Yala Town, Kangding City. 3 014.12 25 1.35 Quartz sandstone, slate Reshuitang, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 018.17 44.0‒45.2 0.14 Quartz sandstone, slate Reshuitang, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 011.25 40.2‒61.3 0.19 Quartz sandstone, slate Reshuitang, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 048.43 46.2 0.84 Quartz sandstone, slate Zhonggu hot spring group Zhonggu Village, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 074.32 37.2 0.137 Quartz sandstone, slate Right bank of Zhonggu Village, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 065.21 62.3 0.601 Quartz sandstone, slate Zhonggu Village, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 076.35 47.2 1.285 Quartz sandstone, slate Zhonggu Village, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 095.11 48.3 0.094 Quartz sandstone, slate Right bank of Yala River in Dagai Village, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 103.14 37.1 1.901 Quartz sandstone, slate Dagai, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 102.31 42.0‒47.2 0.641 Quartz sandstone, slate Mouth of Xiaolongbu ravine in Dagai Village, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 109.17 25.3 0.4 Quartz sandstone, slate Terrace on the right bank of Yala River in Dagai Village, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 124.26 33.1‒40.3 1.8 Quartz sandstone, silty slate Right bank of Yala River in Longbu, Dagai Village, Yala Town, Kangding City 3 214.23 29.0‒32.1 2.1 Biotite granite Selaha fault Qisehai hot spring Niuwogou, Kangding City 3 408 32 / Late Yanshanian biotite granite Yaochi hot spring Niuwogou, Kangding City 3 588 67 0.05 Late Yanshanian biotite granite Zheduotang fault Zheduotang hot spring Zheduotang, Kangding City 3 296 38.5 / Late Yanshanian biotite granite Yunongxi fault Tangniba hot spring Tangniba, Kangding City 4 041 54 / Late Yanshanian biotite granite
下载: 导出CSV
-
Bai MK, Chevalier ML, Pan JW, et al. 2018. Southeastward increase of the late Quaternary slip-rate of the Xianshuihe fault, eastern Tibet. Geodynamic and seismic hazard implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 485: 19−31. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2017.12.045. Bai YJ, Ni HY, Ge H. 2019. Advances in research on the geohazard effect of active faults on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geomechanics, 25(6): 1116−1128. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2019.25.06.095. Bian YY, Zhao D. 2018. Genesis of geothermal waters in the Kangding geothermal field, Sichuan Province. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 39(4): 491−497. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3975/cagsb.2018.060401. Chen AH, Xu X, Luo XH, et al. 2017. Heat flow characteristics and controlling factors of the Baikang Basin in South China Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica, 91(8): 1720−1728. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5717.2017.08.005. Chen YL, Zhang H, Wei YT, et al. 2014. Report of geothermal resources investigation, evaluation and regionalization in Sichuan Province. Sichuan Geological Survey Institute. Cui P, Su FH, Zou Q, et al. 2015. Risk assessment and disaster reduction strategies for mountainous and meteorological hazards in Tibetan Plateau. Chinese Science Bulletin, 60(32): 3067−3077. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.1360/N972015-00849. Fan L. 2019. Study on the key techniques for comprehensive control of heat harm of the deep-buried and super-long tunnel with high ground temperature. Modern Tunnelling Technology, 56(6): 1−10. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.13807/j.cnki.mtt.2019.06.001. Furlong KP, Chapman DS. 1987. Thermal state of the lithosphere. Reviews of Geophysics, 25(6): 1255. DOI: 10.1029/rg025i006p01255. Gong YL, Wang LS, Liu SW, 2011. Thermal structure and thermal evolution of the Bohai Bay Basin in eastern China. Beijing: Atomic Energy Press. (in Chinese) Guo CB, Zhang YS, Jiang LW, et al. 2017. Discussion on the environmental and engineering geological problems along the Sichuan-Tibet railway and its adjacent area. Geoscience, 31(5): 877−889. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2017.05.001. He LJ, Hu SB, Huang SP, et al. 2008. Heat flow study at the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling site: Borehole temperature, thermal conductivity, and radiogenic heat production. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(B2): B02404. DOI: 10.1029/2007jb004958. He P, Zhang GZ, Qiang XG. 2020. Cause analysis of geothermal water and geological route selection research on the Sangzhuling tunnel of Sichuan-Tibet railway. Journal of Railway Engineering Society, 37(6): 10−13, 23. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-2106.2020.06.003. Hu SB, Huang SP, 2015. Heat flow data in the continental area of China. Geothermic and its application. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese) Hu XC, Fan ZC, Xie EJ, et al. 2013. Report of geothermal resources investigation, evaluation and regionalization in Tibet Autonomous Region. Geothermal Geological Team of Tibet. Huang X, Li X, Yu ZY, et al. 2018. Thermal storage characteristics and temperature calculation in zhonggu area, Kangding. Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation, 29(4): 96−104. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-4362.2018.04.017. Li JC. 2011. Research on location of geothermic tunnel of Lhasa-Rikaze railway. Journal of Railway Engineering Society, 28(4): 42−46. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-2106.2011.04.009. Lin WJ, Wang GL, Shao JL, et al. 2021. Distribution and exploration of hot dry rock resources in China: Progress and inspiration. Acta Geologica Sinica, 95(5): 1366−1381. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2021213. Liu F, Lang XJ, Lu C, et al. 2017. Thermophysical parameters and lithospheric thermal structure in Guide Basin, Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(5): 199. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-017-6503-2. Liu YM. 2011. Genesis of the geothermal water in simaqiao—Xiaoreshui area of Kangding, Sichuan Province. Beijing: China University of Geosciences. (in Chinese) Lu D. 2012. Numerical simulation and classification on geothermal field of lasa-rikaze railway tunnels in yarlungzangbo canyon area. M. S. thesis. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University. (in Chinese) Luo L, Zhu X, He CY, et al. 2019. Study on the genesis of geothermal fluid in Xianyang geothermal field. Geological Review, 65(6): 1422−1430. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.16509/j.georeview.2019.06.009. Ma X, Fu L, Li TF, et al. 2021. Analysis of geothermal origin in eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Geoscience, 35(1): 209−219. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2021.016. Ou XG, Jin ZM, Wang L, et al. 2004. The thermal conductivity and its anisotropy of the rock from 100-2 000 m in the main hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling: Implications for the study of the thermal structure of subduction zones. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 1: 109−118. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0569.2004.01.009. Peng JB, Cui P, Zhuang JQ. 2020. Challenges to engineering geology of Sichuan—Tibet railway. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 39(12): 2377−2389. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2020.0446. Pollack HN, Hurter SJ, Johnson JR. 1993. Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set. Reviews of Geophysics, 31(3): 267. DOI: 10.1029/93rg01249. Qin YL, Wu JL, Zhan HY, et al. 2021. Discussion on the correlation between active fault and geological disaster distribution in the Ganzi area, western Sichuan Province, China. Journal of Geomechanics, 27(3): 463−474. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2021.27.03.042. Qiu NS, Hu SB, He LJ, et al. 2004. Theory and Application of Research on Thermal Regime in Sedimentary Basin. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press. (in Chinese) Rybach L, Wilhelm J, Gorhan H. 2003. Geothermal use of tunnel waters - a Swiss speciality. International Geothermal Conference: 17-23. Wang SR, Zhang XY, Du SH. 2021. Geothermal distribution characteristics and prediction of Layue tunnel of Sichuan-Tibet railway passing through east syntaxis. Tunnel Construction, 41(1): 100−107. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3973/j.issn.2096-4498.2021.01.011. Wang ZW, Xu ZX. 2021. Geological line selection of Xianshuihe structural zone of Sichuan-Tibet railway. Journal of Engineering Geology, 29(02): 466−477. (in Chinese) Xie JT, Yu YY. 2013. Grades for heat damage in high altitude tunnel engineering. Journal of Railway Engineering Society, 30(12): 69−73. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-2106.2013.12.015. Xiong TY, Yao X, Zhang YS. 2010. A review on study of activity of Xianshuihe fault zone since the Holocene. Journal of Geomechanics, 16(2): 176−188. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-6616.2010.02.007. Yin L, Li YX, Wang SG, et al. 2018. Prediction of rock temperature in Gaoligongshan tunnel on dali-ruili railway. Tunnel Construction, 38(10): 1637−1642. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3973/j.issn.2096-4498.2018.10.006. Yin YP, Wang WP. 2020. A dynamic erosion plowing model of long Run-out landslides initialized at high locations. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 39(8): 1513−1521. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2020.0062. Zhang W, Wang GL, Zhao JY, et al. 2021. Geochemical characteristics of medium-high temperature geothermal fluids in west Sichuan and their geological implications. Geoscience, 35(1): 188−198. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2021.015. Zhang X. 2012. A study of the characteristics of hot springs of low to moderate temperature in Chengde district of northern Hebei. M. S. thesis. Beijing: China University of Geosciences. (in Chinese) Zhang ZG, Li J, Tian ZH. 2019. Investigation and evaluation of geothermal resources of shattered fractures zones in mountainous areas of Xiaoreshui, Kangding. Journal of Hebei University of Technology, 48(3): 91−96. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.14081/j.cnki.hgdxb.2019.03.015. Zhao ZH, Xu HR, Liu F, et al. 2021. Preliminary prediction of temperature field and thermal damage in Zheduoshan region along sichuan-tibet railway. Geoscience, 35(1): 180−187. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2021.022. -
点击查看大图
图(4) / 表ll (3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 236
- HTML全文浏览量: 114
- PDF下载量: 27
- 被引次数: 0
