Edmealem Temesgen; Demelash Wendmagegnehu Goshime; Destaw Akili

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280021

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280021

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-12-25
- 录用日期: 2023-07-12
- 网络出版日期: 2023-09-15
- 刊出日期: 2023-09-15

Determination of groundwater potential distribution in Kulfo-Hare watershed through integration of GIS, remote sensing, and AHP in Southern Ethiopia

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Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering, Arba Minch Water Technology Institute, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

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Corresponding author: danicho1255@gmail.com

摘要

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Abstract: Identification of groundwater potential areas (GPA) is important in regions facing surface water scarcity, as it assists in effective planning and utilization of groundwater for various purposes. This study employs the methods of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) model, and analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to locate and map the prospective groundwater areas in the Kulfo-Hare watershed. Seven significant groundwater influencing factors were selected for the determination of groundwater potential in the area: Geology, land use/land cover (LULC), soil, rainfall, slope, drainage density, and lineament density. By applying a five-class classification scheme (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high), the GIS models were used to define the distribution of groundwater potential areas in terms of area coverage (km²), percentage and mapping. The results show that the groundwater potential (GWP) distribution in the research region is as follows: 9.7% (6 035.9 ha) classified as very high GWP, 29.6% (18 606 ha) classified as high, 24.5% (15 245 ha) classified as moderate, 18.1% (11 431 ha) as low and 18.1% (11 492 ha) very low GWP, on the basis of the weighted overlay evaluation. Although a few regions are identifies as extremely low GWP, most of the study area is characterized by very high to moderate GWP. These findings provide valuable insight for sustainable groundwater planning by the government bodies, decision-makers, and private sectors.
- Groundwater potential zone /
- Multi-criteria decision /
- Pairwise /
- Normalization /
- Weighed overlay analysis

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Figure 1. Location map of the study area

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Figure 2. The rainfall and temperature pattern of the study area

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Figure 3. Flowchart presenting methodology of the study

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Figure 4. Lineament density suitability map

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Figure 5. LULC suitability classification map

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Figure 6. Study area Geological suitability map

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Figure 7. Slope suitability classification map

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Figure 8. Rainfall suitability classification map

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Figure 9. Soil property suitability classification map

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Figure 10. Drainage density suitability classification map

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Figure 11. Groundwater potential distribution map

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Table 1. Groundwater potential estimation factors and their sources

Factors	Data source	Data details	Source reference
Slope	ASTER GDEM	Version 3, (30 × 30) m	https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov
Drainage density	ASTER GDEM	Version 3, (30 × 30) m	https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov
Geology	Geological survey ASTER	Data vector layer: 11 091 958	https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov
Lineament density	Geological survey ASTER	Data vector layer: 11 091 958	https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov
Land use/land cover	USGS	Landsat 8 (30 × 30) m	https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov
Soil	FAO	Digital soil map of the World	http://www.fao.org
Rainfall	CRUTS v. 4.04	High-resolution gridded data, 0.5°×0.5°	https://sites.uea.ac.uk/cru/da

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Table 2. Importance scale (1-9) and random consistency index (RI) (Saaty, 1999)

Intensity	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Definition	Equal	Weak	Moderate	Moderate plus	Strong	Strong plus	Very strong	Very very strong	Extreme
RI value	0	0	0.58	0.9	1.12	1.24	1.32	1.41	1.45

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Table 3. Distribution of Lineament density suitability in the area and percent

No.	Area / km²	Area / km²	Suitability class
1	55.10	8.85	Very low
2	110.72	17.78	Low
3	190.6	30.61	Moderate
4	160.1	25.71	High
5	106.17	17.05	Very high

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Table 4. Distribution of LULC suitability in area and percentage

No.	LULC class	Suitability classification	Area / km²	Area / %
1	Agriculture cultivation land	Very high	487.51	78.29
2	Water bodies	High	20.68	3.32
3	Shrub land	High	105.45	16.93
4	Natural forest	Moderate	16.86	2.71
5	urban	Very low	1.55	0.25

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Table 5. Slope suitability distribution in area and percentage

No.	Slope classification	Slope classification	Suitability class	Area / km²	Area / %
1	<7°	Gentle slope	Very high	151.11	24.4
2	7–15°	Moderate slope	High	191.71	30.8
3	15–24°	Strong slope	Moderate	140.45	23.2
4	24–34°	Steep slope	Low	98.66	16.1
5	> 34°	Very steep slope	Very Low	40.76	6.5

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Table 6. Distribution of rainfall suitability in area and percentage

No.	Rainfall classification / mm	Suitability class	Area / km²	Area / %
1	114.60–118.88	Very Low	150.33	24.14
2	118.88–123.10	Low	142.31	22.85
3	123.10–127.31	Moderate	130.2	20.91
4	127.31–131.53	High	116.35	18.69
5	131.53–135.74	Very high	83.5	13.41

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Table 7. Distribution of drainage density suitability in area and percent

No.	Area / km²	Area / %	Suitability class
1	127.87	20.54	Very Low
2	120.41	19.34	Low
3	156.38	25.11	Moderate
4	144.95	23.28	High
5	73.08	11.73	Very high

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Table 8. Pairwise comparison matrix of 7 groundwater factors from the AHP model

Factors	LULC	Soil	Geology	RF	Drainage density	Lineament density	Slope
LULC	1	1	3	3	9	9	9
Soil	1	1	3	3	9	7	9
Geology	1/3	1/3	1	1	1	3	3
RF	1/3	1/3	1	1	3	3	3
Drainage density	1/9	1/9	1	1/3	1	1	3
lineament Density	1/9	1/7	1/3	1/3	1	1	3
Slope	1/9	1/9	1/3	1/3	1/3	1/3	1

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Table 9. Groundwater potential factors normalized weight using AHP and their sub-classes rank

Factors	Groundwater potential factors classes	Groundwater potential factors suitability	AHP normalized weights	Influence / %	The rank of sub-classes based on Saaty's scale
Lineament density	0–0.2 0.2–0.4 0.4–0.6 0.6–0.8 0.8–1.08	Very low Low Moderate High Very high	0.03	3	1 3 5 7 9
LULC	Cultivation land Water bodies Shrub land Natural forest Urban	Very high High High Moderate Very low	0.05	5	9 9 8 5 1
Geology formation	Quaternary extrusive and intrusive rocks Tertiary extrusive and intrusive rock	Very high Very high	0.34	34	9 9
Slope	<7° (Gentle) 7–15° (Moderate) 15–24° (Strong) 24–34° (Steep) > 34° (Very steep)	Very high High Moderate Low Very Low	0.1	10	9 7 5 3 1
Annual Rainfall (mm)	114.60–118.88 118.88–123.10 123.10–127.31 127.31–131.53 131.53–135.74	Very Low Low Moderate High Very high	0.32	32	2 4 6 8 9
Soil property	Loam Sandy loam	High Very high	0.11	11	9 8
Drainage Density	<1.8 1.8–2.6 2.6–3.4 3.4–4.2 >4.2	Very low Low Moderate High Very high	0.05	5	9 8 6 4 2

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Table 10. Distribution of groundwater potential area

No.	Suitability area coverage / km²	Suitability in / %	Groundwater potential distribution class
1	112.92	18.13	Very low
2	112.51	18.07	Low
3	152.45	24.48	Moderate
4	184.12	29.56	High
5	60.36	9.76	Very high

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