Tian Nan; Chen Yue; Wen-geng Cao; En-lin Mu; Yang Ou; Zhen-sheng Lin; Wei Kang

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280023

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280023

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-01-12
- 录用日期: 2023-05-09
- 网络出版日期: 2023-09-15
- 刊出日期: 2023-09-15

Effective groundwater level recovery from mining reduction: Case study of Baoding and Shijiazhuang Plain area

Tian Nan^{1, 2},
Chen Yue^{1, 2
, ,},
Wen-geng Cao^{1, 2},
En-lin Mu³,
Yang Ou³,
Zhen-sheng Lin⁴,
Wei Kang⁵

1.
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
3.
Water Resources Management Center, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100053, China
4.
North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
5.
Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 05003, China

More Information

Corresponding author: yuechen24@163.com

摘要

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Abstract: The effective recovery of water level is a crucial measure of the success of comprehensive groundwater over-exploitation management actions in North China. However, traditional evaluation method do not directly capture the relationship between mining and other equilibrium elements. This study presents an innovative evaluation method to assess the water level recovery resulting from mining reduction based on the relationship between variation in exploitation and recharge. Firstly, the recharge variability of source and sink terms for both the base year and evaluation year is calculated and the coefficient of recharge variation β is introduced, which is then used to calculate the effective mining reduction and solve the water level recovery value caused by the effective mining reduction, and finally the water level recovery contribution by mining reduction is calculated by combining with the actual volume of mining reduction in the evaluation area. This research focuses on Baoding and Shijiazhuang Plain area, which share similar hydrogeological conditions but vary in groundwater exploitation and utilization. As the effect of groundwater level recovery with mining reduction was evaluated in these two areas as case study. In 2018, the results showed an effective water level recovery of 0.17 m and 0.13 m in the shallow groundwater of Shijiazhuang and Baoding Plain areas, respectively. The contributions of recovery from mining reduction were 76% and 57.98% for these two areas, respectively. It was notable that the water level recovery was most prominent in the foothill plain regions. From the evaluation results, it is evident that water level recovery depends not only on the intensity of groundwater mining reduction, but also on its effectiveness. The value of water level recovery alone cannot accurately indicate the intensity of mining reduction, as recharge variation significantly influences water level changes. Therefore, in practice, it is crucial to comprehensively assess the impact of mining reduction on water level recovery by combining the coefficient of recharge variation with the contribution of water level recovery from mining reduction. This integrated approach provide a more reasonable and scientifically supported basis, offering essential data support for groundwater management and conservation. To improve the accuracy and reliability of evaluation results, future work will focus on the standardizing and normalizing raw data processing.
- Water level recovery /
- Water balance /
- Effective mining reduction /
- Coefficient of recharge variation /
- Water level recovery contribution

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Figure 1. Location of the study area

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Figure 2. Research framework employed in this study

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Figure 3. Schematic diagram of random forest

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Figure 4. Fitting effect of groundwater flow field in Baoding and Shijiazhuang Plain

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Figure 5. Comparison of change in annual effective mining reduction and coefficient of recharge variation (β), effective recovery of water level and contribution of water level recovery by reduction of mining (λ) in Baoding and Shijiazhuang Plains

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Figure 6. Trends in effects of mining reduction in Baoding and Shijiazhuang Plains (a. Baoding; b. Shijiazhuang)

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Figure 7. Trends in the contribution of water level restoration from mining reduction in Baoding and Shijiazhuang Plains

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Figure 8. Comparison of the contribution of feature elements to water level changes in Baoding and Shijiazhuang Plain Area

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Table 1. List of the feature variable dataset

Cone of depression feature variable data set
Class	Indicator	Source	characteristic
Meteorological factors	Precipitation	Statistical data	Accumulative
Meteorological factors	Evaporation	Statistical data	Accumulative
Topographical factors	Terrain slope	Remote sensing data	Distributive
Topographical factors	Surface elevation	Remote sensing data	Distributive
Anthropogenic factors	River recharge	Statistical data	Accumulative
Anthropogenic factors	Mining volume	Statistical data	Accumulative
Aquifer hydraulic properties	Permeability coefficient	Empirical parameter	Distributive
Aquifer hydraulic properties	Specific yield	Empirical parameter	Distributive
Labeled data
Content		Classification type
Water level: Rise or not		Yes (1)
		No (0)

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Table 2. List of parameters for calculating and evaluating the effect of water level recovery from mining reduction in Baoding Plain

Evaluation area	Area / km²	Specific yield	2015 baseline recharge volume / 10⁴ m³	2015 mining volume / 10⁴ m³	2016 mining volume / 10⁴ m³	2017 mining volume / 10⁴ m³	2018 mining volume / 10⁴ m³
Plain area in Laishui County	263	0.20	18 423.13	7 495.30	7 042.9	6 806.9	5 968.3
Plain area in Yi County	190	0.18	34 126.67	11 551.00	1 0651	10 265	4 613
Zhuozhou	742	0.05	10 204.25	17 700.00	16 900	16 307	15 337
Dingxing County	707	0.08	8 875.71	17 218.00	16 756	16 462	15 688
Gaobeidian	672	0.08	10 058.09	12 034.00	11 644	11 276	10 714
Tang County	252	0.08	16 833.70	7 835.00	7 228	6 850	6 460
Shunping County	236	0.07	10 608.58	12 646.50	11 750	11 150	10 430
Mancheng district	294	0.10	10 681.52	8 700.00	8 100	7 690	7 011
Xushui district	727	0.08	8 991.97	13 628.00	12 535	12 640	10 320.2
Rongcheng County	316	0.10	3 546.99	7 950.00	7 502	7 306	/
Baoding Downtown Area	315	0.15	3 407.75	5 845.85	4 325	4 684	4 631.8
Qingyuan district	863	0.14	11 139.53	20 510.00	19 339.43	18 232	17 055
Anxin County	726	0.10	9 459.80	8 186.00	7 711.01	7 613.03	/
Quyang County	427	0.10	17 272.07	3 965.00	3 630	3 520	3 300
Wangdu County	374	0.08	6 055.51	10 144.45	9 422.38	8 792	8 178
Anguo	486	0.10	5 915.52	13 920.00	13 025	12 364	11 138.3
Boye County	340	0.08	3 994.77	8 522.00	7 840	7 393	6 953
Li County	644	0.10	8 759.29	9 100.00	8 420	7 900	7 242
Gaoyang County	487	0.08	5 634.43	8 100.00	7 550	7 003	6 620
Xiong County	524	0.05	6 244.85	8 578.00	7 986	7 901	/
Whole city	9585	0.10	210 234.11	213 629.10	199 357.72	192 154.93	151 659.6

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Table 3. List of parameters for calculating and evaluating the effect of water level recovery from mining reduction in Shijiazhuang Plain

Evaluation area	Area/km²	Specific yield	2015 baseline recharge volume/ 10⁴ m³	2015 mining volume / 10⁴ m³	2016 mining volume / 10⁴ m³	2017 mining volume / 10⁴ m³	2018 mining volume / 10⁴ m³
Downtown Area	429.4	0.12	8 132.224519	11 356	11 271	12 147	9 005
Xingtang	422.0	0.1	10 656.92124	6 889.25	6 940.25	7 693	7 831
Lingshou	128.3	0.12	3 236.08211	2 900.2	2 890	340	324
Luquan	267.7	0.12	5 032.648822	7 650	7 130.65	5 431	5 435
Yuanshi	315.5	0.1	6 102.918782	8 262.85	5 343.1	4 259	3 810
Gaoyi	222.0	0.1	3 609.209271	6 196.5	5 776.6	6 035	5 830
Zhao County	675.0	0.1	11 427.86402	19 523.65	19 050.2	19 190	18 679
Luancheng	354.0	0.1	6 742.877551	8 667.45	7 642.35	8 992	8 381
Gaocheng	813.0	0.07	13 344.11308	26 599.05	20 242.75	0	19 915
Jinzhou	619.0	0.1	6 196.16712	16 195.9	15 310.2	17 718	13 361
Shenze	301.0	0.1	6 173.60483	6 836.55	6 813.6	4 298	4 216
Wuji	500.0	0.18	8 697.156923	11 475	11 475	12 500	12 175
Zhengding	468.0	0.1	8 096.255698	16 260.5	15 130	9 663	7 268
Xinle	525.0	0.1	10 188.89672	14 477.2	14 108.3	15 853	14 395
Whole city	6990.9	0.1	106 807.0573	170 759.05	155 622.25	124 119	130 625

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Table 4. Effective mining reduction and coefficients of recharge variation in the Baoding Plain from 2016 to 2018

Evaluation Area	2016 effective recovery of water level/ m	λ/ %	2017effective recovery of water level/ m	λ/ %	2018 effective recovery of water level/ m	λ/ %
Plain area in Laishui County	0.20	1.13	0.00	100.00	0.18	89.77
Plain area in Yi County	0.55	0.74	0.00	100.00	1.68	14.87
Zhuozhou	0.84	14.35	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00
Dingxing County	0.23	0.00	0.20	15.45	0.00	100.00
Gaobeidian	0.11	59.61	0.00	100.00	0.00	100.00
Tang County	0.00	0.00	0.31	18.40	0.14	35.68
Shunping County	0.00	0.00	0.93	0.00	0.45	0.00
Mancheng district	0.22	31.27	0.06	100.00	0.11	100.00
Xushui district	0.36	0.00	0.21	0.00	0.33	0.00
Rongcheng County	0.40	0.00	0.29	28.24	0.00	0.00
Baoding Downtown Area	0.84	13.56	0.00	0.00	NA	NA
Qingyuan district	0.03	0.00	0.25	10.63	0.00	100.00
Anxin County	0.00	0.00	0.13	21.89	NA	NA
Quyang County	0.09	0.00	0.00	100.00	0.15	95.06
Wangdu County	0.00	0.00	0.41	0.00	0.00	100.00
Anguo	0.15	26.38	0.02	100.00	0.00	100.00
Boye County	0.00	0.00	0.78	0.95	0.00	100.00
Li County	0.00	0.00	0.38	12.42	0.00	0.00
Gaoyang County	0.00	0.00	0.40	8.93	0.00	NA
Xiong County	0.42	0.00	0.00	100.00	NA	100.00
Whole city	0.17	8.98	0.18	16.19	0.13	57.98

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Table 5. Effective mining reduction and coefficient of recharge variation in the Shijiazhuang Plain from 2016 to 2018

Evaluation area	2016 Effective mining reduction/ 10⁴ m³	β	2017 Effective mining reduction/ 10⁴ m³	β	2018 Effective mining reduction/ 10⁴ m³	β
Downtown Area	2377.515 849	0.80	0.00	1.26	2930.48	1.02
Xingtang	0	1.10	0	1.14	0	1.07
Lingshou	584.491 5118	0.80	2 398.682988	1.45	0	1.06
Luquan	2 780.984848	0.68	0	1.39	0	1.07
Yuanshi	4 801.894876	0.65	0	1.45	236.0331701	1.06
Gaoyi	2 257.20428	0.68	0	1.25	0	1.06
Zhao County	5 059.534095	0.76	0.00	1.18	0.00	1.07
Luancheng	3 135.757728	0.72	0.00	1.37	124.85	1.06
Gaocheng	12 671.69238	0.69	2 0242.75	1.08	0.00	1.22
Jinzhou	4 853.347933	0.74	0.00	1.05	4224.15	1.01
Shenze	0	1.14	3033.84	0.88	0.00	1.06
Wuji	2 612.186442	0.77	0.00	1.17	0.00	1.06
Zhengding	4 040.841819	0.81	4 669.576455	1.08	2 136.717389	1.04
Xinle	2 493.067936	0.85	0.00	1.22	698.00	1.05
Whole city	47 668.52	0.78	30 344.85	1.17	10 350.24	1.07

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Table 6. Effective water level restoration by reduction of mining and effective recovery of water level in Shijiazhuang Plain from 2016 to 2018

Evaluation area	2016 effective restoration of water level/ m	λ/ %	2017 effective restoration of water level/ m	λ/ %	2018 effective restoration of water level/ m	λ/ %
Downtown Area	0.46	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.57	100.00
Xingtang	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Lingshou	0.38	22.10	1.56	36.00	0.00	100.00
Luquan	0.87	0.00	0.00	100.00	0.00	0.00
Yuanshi	1.52	0.00	0.00	100.00	0.07	0.00
Gaoyi	1.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00
Zhao County	0.75	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00
Luancheng	0.89	21.47	0.00	0.00	0.04	0.00
Gaocheng	2.23	0.00	3.56	17.00	0.00	0.00
Jinzhou	0.78	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.68	42.00
Shenze	0.00	0.00	1.01	0.00	0.00	100.00
Wuji	0.29	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00
Zhengding	0.86	0.00	1.00	0.00	0.46	71.00
Xinle	0.47	5.42	0.00	0.00	0.13	117.00
Whole city	0.79	1.97	0.50	22.00	0.17	76.00

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Table 7. Comparison of 2016 water level restoration calculation results and simulation results in Baoding Plain

Evaluation area	2016 effective water level restoration/ m	2016 restoration calculated by model/ m
Plain area in Laishui County	0.20	0.070
Plain area in Yi County	0.55	0.100
Zhuozhou	0.84	0.660
Dingxing County	0.23	0.170
Gaobeidian	0.11	0.180
Tang County	0.00	0.070
Shunping County	0.00	0.050
Mancheng district	0.22	0.180
Xushui district	0.36	0.290
Rongcheng County	0.40	0.330
Baoding Downtown Area	0.84	0.650
Qingyuan district	0.03	0.020
Anxin County	0.00	0.002
Quyang County	0.09	0.001
Wangdu County	0.00	0.001
Anguo	0.15	0.000
Boye County	0.00	0.000
Li County	0.00	0.000
Gaoyang County	0.00	0.000
Xiong County	0.42	0.390
Whole city	0.17	0.150

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[20]	Do Van Binh2013: Source and Formation of the Arsenic in Ground Water in Hanoi , Vietnam, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 1, 102-108.