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Effectiveness of groundwater extraction in Beijing since the ingauration of the first phase of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, China
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Abstract: This study assess the effectiveness of groundwater pressure extraction in Beijing since the opening of the first phase of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, using survey and evaluation methods. Firstly, an analysis of water consumption structure and the usage of diverted river water in Beijing in recent years was conducted. Secondly, the volume of groundwater pressure extraction in Beijing after the project's inauguration was examined, revealing a decrease from 1.96 billion m3 in 2014 to 1.35 billion m3 in 2020. The proportion of water supply reduced from 52.3% in 2014 to 33.3% in 2020, leading to an optimized water supply structure. By the end of 2020, groundwater pressure extraction in Beijing is estimated at 446 million m3, with a substantial reduction in over-exploitation of groundwater. Groundwater resources have been effectively replenished, and the strategic reserve capacity has been enhanced. Furthermore, this study evaluates the change in groundwater levels as an indicator of the effectiveness of pressure extraction. The declining trend of groundwater levels in Beijing has been effectively mitigated, and there has been a consistent rebound in groundwater levels over the past five years.
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Figure 2. Utilization of South-to-North water transfer in Beijing since the opening of the first phase of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project
Figure 3. Consumption of water from the first phase of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Beijing in 2020–2021
Figure 15. Changes in groundwater depth and precipitation in the plain area of Beijing from 2014 to 2020
Table 1. Changes in groundwater levels in 114 monitoring wells in the Beijing plain area
Number of water level change monitoring points Annual end-of-December water level 2015 minus 2014 2016 minus 2015 2017 minus 2016 2018 minus 2017 2019 minus 2018 2020 minus 2019 2020 minus 2014 Rising water level 31 50 38 42 45 47 79 Water level stabilization 40 47 49 53 29 42 17 Water level drop 43 17 27 19 40 25 18 Average water level/m Decrease of 0.12 Increase of 0.52 Increase of 0.26 Increase of 1.94 Increase of 0.32 Increase of 0.68 Increase of 3.72 
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Table 2. Statistics on the proportion of shallow groundwater with different depth intervals in Beijing from 2014 to 2020 / %
Timing Depth of burial
≤10 mDepth of burial
10–20 mDepth of burial
20–30 mDepth of burial
30–40 mDepth of burial
40–50 mDepth of burial
> 50 mDecember 2014 13.62 27.73 21.42 32.00 4.39 0.85 December 2015 13.17 28.51 20.86 31.80 4.69 0.97 December 2016 14.66 28.45 22.08 29.22 4.62 0.98 December 2017 14.06 29.94 24.58 26.62 4.04 0.76 December 2018 14.07 30.80 32.40 20.35 2.21 0.17 December 2019 11.80 34.59 35.82 15.50 2.00 0.29 December 2020 12.58 36.30 35.65 13.95 1.43 0.08
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