Ya-wei Zhang; Yun-tao Liu; Zi-wen Wang; Yu Cao; Xiao-ran Tu; Di Cao; Shuai Yuan; Xiao-man Cheng; Lian-sheng Zhang

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280032

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280032

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-10-19
- 录用日期: 2023-09-21
- 网络出版日期: 2023-12-10
- 刊出日期: 2023-12-31

Source analysis of dissolved heavy metals in the Shaying River Basin, China

1.
School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2.
Henan Fifth Geological Exploration Institute Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
3.
Henan Second Geological Survey Institute Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
4.
Henan Rock and Mineral Testing Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China

More Information

Corresponding author: 274297961@qq.com

摘要

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Abstract: Over the years, the Shaying River Basin has experienced frequent instances of river pollution. The presence of numerous critical pollutant discharge enterprises and sewage-treatment plants in the vicinity of the Shaying River has transformed it a major tributary with relatively serious pollution challenge within the upper reaches of Huaihe River Basin. To study the sources of manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in Shaying River water, 123 sets of surface water samples were collected from 41 sampling points across the entire basin during three distinct phases from 2019 to 2020, encompassing normal water period, dry season and wet season. The primary origins of heavy metals in river water were determined by analyzing the heavy metal contents in urban sewage wastewater, industrial sewage wastewater, groundwater, mine water, and the heavy metal contributions from agricultural non-point source pollution. The analytical findings reveal that Mn primarily originates from shallow groundwater used for agricultural irrigation, While Cr mainly is primarily sourced from urban sewage treatment plant effluents, coal washing wastewater, tannery wastewater, and industrial discharge related to metal processing and manufacturing. Ni is mainly contributed by urban sewage treatment plant effluents and industrial wastewater streams associated with machinery manufacturing and metal processing. Cd primarily linked to industrial wastewater, particularly from machinery manufacturing and metal processing facilities, while Pb is predominantly associated with urban sewage treatment plant effluents and wastewater generated in Pb processing and recycling wastewater. These research provides a crucial foundation for addressing the prevention and control of dissolved heavy metals at their sources in the Shaying River.
- Industrial waste /
- Urban sewage /
- Mine water /
- Agricultural non-point source pollution

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Figure 1. a. Distribution of sampling points in the Shaying River Basin; b. Geological profile; c. Rainfall and river flow chart from Fuyang hydrologic station

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Figure 2. Spatial-temporal distribution of heavy metal concentrations in the Shaying River Basin

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Figure 3. Pearson correlation analysis chart

*p≤0.05 **p≤0.01

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Table 1. The average heavy metal concentrations in river water of the Shaying River Basin at different time periods

	Date	Cr	Mn	Cd	Ni	As	Pb	Data source
	Date	μg·L⁻¹						Data source
The Shaying River Basin	December 2018	0.38	56.82	0.14	0.95	2.87	0.96	Chu, 2001
	December 2019	0.34	5.58	0.04	2.44	1.83	0.04	this study
	May 2020	0.23	7.54	0.03	1.62	3.33	0.10	this study
	August 2020	0.27	2.12	0.04	1.58	3.90	0.05	this study
Category III in Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water		50	100	5	20	50	50	GB 3838—2002

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Table 2. Test results of heavy metal concentration in the Shaying River Basin

	Items	Normal season (December 2019)				Dry season (May 2020)				Wet season (August 2020)
		AVG	S.D.	MIN	MAX	AVG	S.D.	MIN	MAX	AVG	S.D.	MIN	MAX
		μg·L⁻¹
River water	Cr	0.34	0.19	0.07	0.90	0.23	0.13	0.09	0.52	0.27	0.12	0.09	0.60
	Mn	5.58	16.49	0.05	78.21	7.54	24.29	0.13	112.58	2.12	7.43	0.08	43.9
	Cd	0.04	0.02	0.01	0.13	0.03	0.04	0.00	0.22	0.04	0.06	0.01	0.35
	Ni	2.44	1.57	0.18	5.90	1.62	1.41	0.00	8.24	1.58	0.95	0.30	4.59
	As	1.83	1.02	0.01	4.81	3.33	1.43	0.30	6.04	3.90	2.08	0.52	8.84
	Pb	0.04	0.03	0.00	0.16	0.10	0.14	0.00	0.66	0.05	0.08	0.00	0.49
Note: AVG: Average; SD: Standard deviation; MIN: Minimum; MAX: Maximum

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Table 3. Concentrations of heavy metals and relevant water environment quality standards in different river basins

Data in relevant water basin		Cr	Mn	Cd	Ni	As	Pb	Data sources
Data in relevant water basin		μg·L⁻¹						Data sources
Chaohu Lake Basin		0.48	22.89	5.8	2.62	—	1.34	Wu et al. 2018
Taihu Lake Basin		—	—	0.93	—	9.87	45.88	Wang, 2016
Jiulongjiang River Basin		5.41	—	0.08	3.99	12.39	4.47	Chen et al. 2018
Middle and lower reaches of the Han River in the dry season		—	17.35	0.00	—	0.07	0.54	Wang et al. 2019
Middle and lower reaches of the Han River in the wet season		—	16.88	0.00	—	2.88	0.35	Wang et al. 2019
The Shaying River Basin	2018	0.38	56.82	0.14	0.95	2.87	0.96	Ding et al. 2019
	December 2019	0.34	5.58	0.04	2.44	1.83	0.04	this study
	May 2020	0.23	7.54	0.03	1.62	3.33	0.10	this study
	August 2020	0.27	2.12	0.04	1.58	3.90	0.05	this study
Category III in Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water		50	100	5	20	50	50	GB 3838—2002

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Table 4. List of soluble metal concentrations monitored by enterprises in the Shaying River Basin

Rivers	Administrative districts	Categories of pollutant discharging enterprises	Enterprise quantity	Enterprise scale	The concentration of soluble heavy metal discharge/μg·L⁻¹						Monitoring date
Rivers	Administrative districts	Categories of pollutant discharging enterprises	Enterprise quantity	Enterprise scale	Mn	Cr	Ni	As	Cd	Pb	Monitoring date
Jialu River	Xingyang	Pharmacy production	1	Middle scale, Type II				14			31/3/2021-14/3/2022
		Printing equipment manufacturing	1	Middle scale, Type II			15-86				26/2/2021-14/3/2022
		Wastewater treatment	3	Small scale		4-15		0.05-0.8	0.4-4	1-12	26/1/2021-7/12/2022
	Zhengzhou Municipal District	Wastewater treatment	8	3 large scale, Type II, 3 middle scale, Type I, 2 small scale		16-80		0.3-1.3	1-2	1-50	1/1/2021-22/12/2022
	Zhongmu	Wastewater treatment	1	Small scale				ND	2-2.1	20-21	15/1/2021-11/12/2022
	Zhongmu	Automobile parts manufacturing	1	Large scale, Type II			60-230				1/1/2021-31/12/2022
	Weishi	Wastewater treatment	2	1 large scale, Type II, 1 small scale.		0.24-40		0.4-30	0.05-3.9	0.09-13	14/1/2021-9/12/2022
	Weishi	Tannery	1	Middle scale, type I		0.35-0.4					4/4/2021-5/9/2021
	Fugou	Wastewater treatment	2	Small scale		ND		0.4-1.52	2-6	ND	2/3/2021-1/12/2021
	Xihua	Tannery	1	Small scale		15-950					19/1/2021-22/4/2022
Ying River	Xinmi	Electroplating plants	1	Middle scale, Type II		30-190					2/1/2021-31/12/2022
	Xinmi	Wastewater treatment	2	1 middle scale, Type I，1 middle scale, Type II		12-24		0.15-0.5	0.25-4	1.25	13/1/2022-7/7/2022
	Xinzheng	Wastewater treatment	2	1 middle scale, Type I, 1 small scale.		ND		ND	ND	ND	14/1/2021-7/12/2022
	Xinzheng	Coal mining	1	Large scale, Type II	ND				3-4	1-8	6/1/2021-5/12/2022
	Dengfeng	Wastewater treatment	1	Middle scale, Type I		4-30		0.3-1	0.8-30	1-50	2/3/2021-/810/2022
	Jian'an	Wastewater treatment	2	1 middle scale, Type I, 1 small scale		4-6		0.8-3.7	0.1-0.2	2-8	18/1/2020-8/10/2022
	Jian'an	Coal mining and washing	1	Large scale, Type II		15-910		0.5-80	0-5	0-200	21/1/2021-9/10/2022
	Yanling	Wastewater treatment	1	Middle scale, Type I		3-12		2-52	1-5	3-4	24/9/2021-18/1/2022
	Yuzhou	Wastewater treatment	3	Small scale		0-18		0-0.3	0-1	0-10	5/1/2021-6/12/2022
	Yuzhou	Coal mining and washing	1	Large scale, Type II	80-210	50-95		0.3-350	1	0-10	12/1/2021-7/3/2022
	Changge	Tannery	1	Middle scale, Type II		70-102					13/5/2021-21/12/2022
	Changge	Wastewater treatment	2	Small scale		4-7	ND	2.3-4.5	0.1-0.2	1-10	31/3/2021-4/11/2022
	Linying	Wastewater treatment	2	Small scale		0.01-0.03		0.05-0.021	0.5-1	1-13	14/1/2021-1/12/2022
	Xihua	Wastewater treatment	1	Small scale		ND		ND	ND	ND	19/1/2021-20/10/2022
Beiru River	Ruyang	Wastewater treatment	2	Small scale		38-53		1-6.2	0.1-2.8	1-15.3	1/1/2021-21/12/2022
	Ruzhou	Wastewater treatment	1	Middle scale, Type I				0.3-30	0-1	0-10	14/3/2021-16/9/2022
	Jiaxian	Wastewater treatment	2	Small scale				0.4-0.6	0-4	0-7	23/1/2021-8/11/2022
	Xiangcheng	Wastewater treatment	3	2 small scale		36-51		0.3	1-5	10-20	1/1/2021-29/11/2022
Sha River	Lushan	Wastewater treatment	3	Middle scale, Type II				ND	ND	ND	5/1/2021-23/12/2022
	Yexian	Wastewater treatment	1	Small scale				ND	ND	ND	8/1/2021-1/12/2022
	Shilong	Wastewater treatment	1	Small scale				ND	ND	ND	18/1/2021-2/4/2021
	Pingdingshan municipal district	Wastewater treatment	4	Middle scale, Type I		0-19		0.7-46.3	0.4-16.2	1-844	8/1/2021-10/10/2022
	Luohe municipal district	Wastewater treatment	6	1 middle scale, Type I, 4 middle scale, Type II, 1 small scale	4-92	0.1-30	20	0.1-30	0.3-2.5	0.2-90	2/1/2021-24/12/2022
	Shangshui	Wastewater treatment	2	Middle scale, Type II		20-100		0.3-0.8	0.025-2	30-90	30/1/2021-31/12/2022
	Xiangcheng	Tannery	5	4 middle scale, Type II, 1 small scale		30-149					20/1/2021-31/12/2022
	Xiangcheng	Wastewater treatment	1	Small scale		ND		0-0.4	0-8	40	20/1/2021-9/12/2022
	Jieshou	Lead processing and recycling	7			39-44		3.8-4.3	7.1-8.9	59-80	Q4 2021
	Taihe	Metal processing and recycling	4			3.2-25	50-90	1.1-5	0.1-18	3-70	1/7/2020-19/4/2021
	Fuyang municipal district	Metal processing and recycling	3							3-80
Note: 1) The data is from the enterprise self-monitoring platform of the Ecological Environment Department in Henan Province and Anhui Province；2) ND represents a test indicator not detected.

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