Daniel Nnaemeka Obiora; Johnson Cletus Ibuot

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280033

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280033

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-12-25
- 录用日期: 2023-10-26
- 网络出版日期: 2023-12-10
- 刊出日期: 2023-12-31

Electrical geophysical evaluation of susceptibility to flooding in University of Nigeria, Nsukka main campus and its environs, Southeastern Nigeria

Daniel Nnaemeka Obiora¹,
Johnson Cletus Ibuot^{1
, ,}

1.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State

More Information

Corresponding author: johnson.ibuot@unn.edu.ng

摘要

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Abstract: Flooding occurs when rainfall exceeds the absorption capacity of soil and causes significant environmental consequences. In this study, electrical resistivity techniques were employed to assess the flood susceptibility of the study area by examining variations in electrical properties. Prior to flooding, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profiles were conducted to determine the variations in resistivity within subsurface lithologies exposed to the injected current. The injected current penetrated the subsurface units characterised by resistivity ranging from 190.5 Ω·m to 6,775.7 Ω·m, 42.3 Ω·m to 7,297.4 Ω·m, and 320.2 Ω·m to 24,433.3 Ω·m in the first, second and third layers, respectively. These layers were identified as lateritic topsoil, medium-coarse brownish grained sand, and coarse pebbly blackish sand, respectively. The calculated reflection coefficients between layers 1, 2, and 3 reveal alternation in layers with values ranging from −0.04 to 0.66 and 0.36 to 0.95 for $ {k}_{1} $ and $ {k}_{2} $, respectively. The transverse resistivity, longitudinal resistivity and anisotropy ranged from 243.59 Ω·m to 24,115.42 Ω·m, 199.61 Ω·m to 14,950.76 Ω·m, and 1.02 to 2.14. Models derived from the ERT profiles reveal variations in resistivity, pinpointing areas of low resistivity which correspond to waterlogged and impermeable layers. The result of this study underscores the importance of integrated resistivity techniques in the study of floods, as it provides valuable insights into flood behaviour, and subsurface dynamics.
- Anisotropy /
- Vertical electrical sounding /
- Electrical resistivity tomography /
- Geoelectric layer /
- Permeability

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Figure 1. Examples of flood affected areas: (a, b and c) part of the University stadium predisposed to flooding during rainy season, (d) front of the University Secondary School during rainy season.

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Figure 2. Geologic map of the area showing the location of the study area and the geological cross section along the line trending SW – NE.

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Figure 3. Sample VES curves (a) VES 1 and (b) VES 4

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Figure 4. Variation of resistivity of the layers 1, 2 and 3

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Figure 5. Trend of resistivity reflection coefficients K₁ and K₂

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Figure 6. Distribution of $ {K}_{1} $

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Figure 7. Distribution of $ {K}_{2} $

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Figure 8. Distribution of transverse resistivity

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Figure 9. Distribution of longitudinal resistivity

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Figure 10. Distribution of anisotropy

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Figure 11. 2D electrical resistivity tomography model of the study area along profile 1

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Figure 12. 2D electrical resistivity tomography model of the study area along profile 2

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Figure 13. 2D electrical resistivity tomography model of the study area along profile 3

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Figure 14. 2D electrical resistivity tomography model of the study area along profile 4

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Table 1. Summary of measured electrical resistivity data in the study area

VES	Longitude/°E	Latitude/°N	Layer Resistivity/Ω·m				Thickness/m			Depth/m			Elevation/m
VES	Longitude/°E	Latitude/°N	$ {\mathrm{\rho }}_{1} $	$ {\mathrm{\rho }}_{2} $	$ {\mathrm{\rho }}_{3} $	$ {\mathrm{\rho }}_{4} $	$ {\mathrm{h}}_{1} $	$ {\mathrm{h}}_{2} $	$ {\mathrm{h}}_{3} $	$ {\mathrm{d}}_{1} $	$ {\mathrm{d}}_{2} $	$ {\mathrm{d}}_{3} $	Elevation/m
1	7.4029	6.8665	196.2	635.0	700.7	11,275.6	2.9	5.7	15.0	2.9	8.6	23.5	447
2	7.4048	6.8657	695.2	71.0	1,300.3	70,816.5	3.6	3.8	5.1	3.6	7.4	12.5	457
3	7.4037	6.8684	2,474.6	7,297.4	30,696.3	3,531.4	0.5	6.4	18.0	0.5	6.9	24.9	447
4	7.4077	6.8474	694.7	5,092.0	1,693.0	42,416.8	0.5	3.0	24.3	0.5	3.5	27.9	453
5	7.4059	6.8691	6,775.7	2,926.9	24,433.3	6,221.5	6.8	11.1	35.2	6.8	17.9	53.1	446
6	7.3991	6.8613	190.5	174.3	381.4	89,226.5	2.0	10.4	6.0	2.0	12.4	18.5	440
7	7.3981	6.8619	1,681.2	4,597.3	2,166.2	864.3	0.9	3.1	35.4	0.9	4.0	39.4	440
8	7.4089	6.8698	547.4	870.6	1,125.9	1,322.4	3.2	7.4	15.8	2.2	10.6	26.4	414
9	7.4222	6.8525	331.6	103.5	2,212.0	2,398.0	2.8	4.6	7.1	2.8	7.4	14.5	475
10	7.4098	6.8596	196.6	760.9	320.2	3,617.1	0.7	7.1	14.2	0.7	7.8	22.1	454
11	7.4038	6.8719	314..7	1,532.9	5,083.7	198.2	1.3	21.9	40.9	1.3	23.2	64.1	402
12	7.4067	6.8696	213.7	493.1	1,585.9	2,517.0	0.5	4.9	28.4	0.6	5.5	34.0	412
13	7.4016	6.8589	798.9	258.8	3,847.1	3,901.3	1.8	9.2	32.8	1.8	11.0	43.5	432
14	7.4091	6.8625	393.4	42.3	1,672.1	1,246.8	1.8	2.3	39.5	1.8	4.1	43.6	436
15	7.4065	6.8585	398.9	874.7	2,855.5	4,554.0	1.3	6.4	53.1	1.3	7.7	60.8	442

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Table 2. Summary of estimated hydrogeologic parameter

VES points	Long. /°E	Lat. /°N	Reflection coefficient		ρ_t /Ω·m	ρ_l /Ω·m	λ
VES points	Long. /°E	Lat. /°N	$ {k}_{1} $	$ {k}_{2} $	ρ_t /Ω·m	ρ_l /Ω·m	λ
1	7.4029	6.8665	0.53	0.05	622.84	522.54	1.09
2	7.4048	6.8657	−0.82	0.90	752.32	199.61	1.94
3	7.4037	6.8684	0.49	0.62	24,115.42	14,950.76	1.27
4	7.4077	6.8474	0.76	−0.50	2041.84	1,774.98	1.07
5	7.4059	6.8691	−0.40	0.79	17,676.37	8,514.18	1.44
6	7.3991	6.8613	−0.04	0.37	243.59	214.21	1.07
7	7.3981	6.8619	0.47	−0.36	2,346.40	2,244.81	1.02
8	7.4089	6.8698	0.02	0.33	900.13	803.71	1.06
9	7.4222	6.8525	−0.52	0.91	1,179.99	258.48	2.14
10	7.4098	6.8596	0.59	−0.41	458.49	384.35	1.09
11	7.4038	6.8719	0.66	0.54	8,487.33	2,418.87	1.87
12	7.4067	6.8696	0.40	0.53	1,407.18	1,119.77	1.12
13	7.4016	6.8589	−0.51	0.87	2,968.13	945.44	1.77
14	7.4091	6.8625	−0.81	0.95	1,533.33	528.02	1.70
15	7.4065	6.8585	0.37	0.53	2,594.47	2,084.23	1.12

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