Marwa M Aly; Shymaa AK Fayad; Ahmed MI Abd Elhamid

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280004

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280004

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-02-19
- 录用日期: 2023-12-05
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-15
- 刊出日期: 2024-03-15

Assessment of groundwater suitability for different activities in Toshka district, south Egypt

1.
Faculty of Engineering Mataria, Helwan University, Cairo 11718, Egypt
2.
Division of Engineering, International Academy for Engineering and Media Science (IAEMS), 6th of October City 15515, Egypt
3.
Hydraulics Research Institute, National Water Research Center, MWRI, Cairo 13621, Egypt

More Information

Corresponding author: marwa_maly@m-eng.helwan.edu.eg

摘要

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Abstract: Globally, groundwater has globally emerged as a crucial freshwater source for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. The evaluation of groundwater quality in the Toshka region is imperative to ensure its suitability for the extensive agricultural and industrial activities underway in this promising, groundwater-dependent development area. This is particularly significant as Egypt increasingly relies on groundwater reserves to address freshwater deficits and to implement mega-development projects in barren lands. In this study, fifty-two samples were collected from the recently drilled wells tapping into the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer (NSA) in the Toshka region. Groundwater quality was assessed through hydrochemical analysis, Piper diagram, and various indicators such as Na%, SAR, RSC, KR, MH and PI. The hydrochemical analysis revealed improved groundwater quality characteristics, attributed to continuous recharge from Lake Nasser. The Piper diagram categorised most of the water samples as "secondary salinity" water type. Almost all wells proved suitable for irrigation with only two wells unsuitable based on MH values and six wells based on KR values. Considering Total Hardness (TH) values, all samples were classified as "Soft", indicating their suitability for domestic and industrial purposes. Water Quality Index (WQI) results concluded that all samples met WHO and FAO guidelines for drinking and irrigation, respectively. Spatial distribution maps, constructed using GIS, facilitate the interpretation of the results. Regular monitoring of quality parameters is essential to detect any deviation from permissible limits.
- Nubian Sandstone Aquifer /
- Water Quality Assessment /
- Hydro-chemical Analysis /
- Irrigation Quality Indicators /
- Domestic Use /
- Water Quality Index

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Figure 1. Study area's map showing wells location where samples are collected.

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Figure 2. Hydrological cross-sections of the NSA within the Toshka region.

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Figure 3. A sample of a groundwater well lithological description.

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Figure 4. Groundwater samples Classifications based on Piper Diagram

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Figure 5. Spatial distribution of irrigation quality parameters Na%, SAR, RSC, MH, KR and PI

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Figure 6. Doneen's classification for irrigation water based on permeability Index.

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Figure 7. Wilcox diagram for the groundwater samples in Toshka area

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Figure 8. Spatial distribution of WQI for domestic.

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Figure 9. Spatial distribution of WQI for Irrigation.

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Table 1. Weight (w_i) and relative weight (W_i) of groundwater parameters used for arithmetic-WQI estimation (Drinking)

Parameter	Standard WHO	Weight (w_i)	Relative weights (W_i)
Na⁺	200	3	0.09375
K⁺	12	2	0.0625
Mg²⁺	50	2	0.0625
Ca²⁺	75	3	0.09375
HCO₃⁻	120	2	0.0625
SO₄²⁻	250	4	0.125
CO₃²⁻	120	2	0.0625
CI⁻	250	3	0.09375
EC	1000	3	0.09375
TDS	500	5	0.15625
pH	8.5	3	0.09375
	$ \sum {} $	32	1

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Table 2. Weight (w_i) and relative weight (W_i) of groundwater parameters used for arithmetic-WQI estimation (Irrigation)

Parameter	Standard FAO	Weight (w_i)	Relative weights (W_i)
Na⁺	919	3	0.1154
K⁺	2	2	0.0769
Mg²⁺	60	1	0.0385
Ca²⁺	400	1	0.0385
HCO₃⁻	610	1	0.0385
SO₄²⁻	960	5	0.1923
CO₃²⁻	610	1	0.03846
CI⁻	1063	4	0.1538
EC	2000	2	0.0769
TDS	2000	3	0.1154
pH	8.5	3	0.1154
	$ \sum {} $	26	1

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Table 3. Hydrochemical coefficients calculated for the 52 water samples.

Well	Na⁺/ Cl⁻	Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺	Cl⁻/sum of Anions	Well	Na⁺/ Cl⁻	Mg²⁺/ Ca²⁺	Cl⁻/Sum of anions
23	0.62	0.15	0.41	57	0.74	0.31	0.34
24	0.68	0.21	0.34	58	0.69	0.26	0.3
25	0.72	0.44	0.39	59	0.73	0.21	0.32
26	0.79	0.21	0.29	61	0.74	0.27	0.33
27	0.77	0.13	0.38	62	0.68	0.27	0.34
28	0.71	0.57	0.36	63	0.56	0.28	0.38
29	0.73	0.19	0.36	64	0.66	0.27	0.35
30	0.69	0.23	0.32	65	0.63	0.24	0.4
31	0.64	0.34	0.46	66	0.74	0.28	0.31
32	0.7	0.2	0.35	67	0.73	0.15	0.29
33	0.72	0.28	0.32	68	0.68	0.26	0.33
34	0.76	0.15	0.3	69	0.62	0.56	0.31
35	0.81	0.17	0.34	70	0.65	0.36	0.33
36	0.73	0.25	0.31	71	0.58	0.43	0.32
37	0.8	0.16	0.28	72	0.59	0.43	0.34
38	0.79	0.2	0.29	73	0.79	0.42	0.3
39	0.73	0.25	0.3	74	0.69	0.34	0.32
40	0.74	0.33	0.33	75	0.73	0.52	0.29
41	0.89	0.11	0.27	76	0.79	0.52	0.31
42	0.84	0.24	0.27	77	0.77	0.56	0.33
44	0.89	0.14	0.27	78	0.76	1.00	0.28
45	0.86	0.18	0.29	79	0.73	0.26	0.32
46	0.76	0.18	0.33	81	0.79	0.22	0.32
54	0.62	0.82	0.31	82	0.77	0.25	0.32
55	0.7	0.3	0.32	83	0.82	0.25	0.31
56	0.64	0.29	0.37	84	0.78	0.32	0.3

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Table 4. Descriptive statics of groundwater parameters in Toshka area and WHO guidelines

Parameter	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Standard deviation	WHO allowable limit
PH	6.6	7.9	7.21	0.32	8.5
EC	699	1263	863.32	111.21	1,500
TDS	458	774	569.69	79.65	1,000
Na⁺	72	144	95.46	18.39	200
K⁺	3.4	7.2	4.50	0.74	12
Ca²⁺	32	86	64.76	10.93	75
Mg²⁺	7.9	41.3	18.66	6.90	50
CI⁻	100	224	132.11	25.68	250
SO₄²⁻	90	210	154.61	25.39	250
HCO₃⁻	84	196	116.15	20.78	120
CO₃²⁻	0	24	1.26	4.48	120

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Table 5. Classiﬁcation of groundwater samples of Toshka area for irrigation purposes

Parameters	Range	Classification	No. of samples	Sample%
EC (µS/cm) Todd 1982)	<250	Excellent	/	/
	250–750	Good	7	13.5%
	750–2,250	Permissible	45	86.5%
	2,250–5,000	Doubtful	/	/
	>5,000	Unsuitable	/	/
TDS	< 1000	Non saline	52	100%
	1000–3000	Slightly saline	/	/
	3000–10,000	Moderately saline	/	/
	> 10000	Very saline	/	/
%Na	0–20	Excellent	/	/
	20–40	Good	1	2%
	40–60	Permissible	51	98%
	60–80	Doubtful	/	/
	<80	Unsuitable	/	/
RSC	>1.25	Good	52	100%
	1.25–2.5	Doubtful	/	/
	<2.5	Unsuitable	/	/
MH	<50%	Suitable	50	96%
MH	>50%	Unsuitable	2	4%
KR	<1	Suitable	46	88.5%
KR	>1	Unsuitable	6	11.5%

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Table 6. Classification of irrigation water based on SAR values

Level	(SAR)	Quality	Water class	No. of samples	Sample%
S1	0–10	Low sodium	Excellent	52	100%
S2	10–18	Medium sodium	Good	/	/
S3	18–26	High sodium	Fair	/	/
S4	< 26	Very high sodium	Poor	/	/

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Table 7. Classification of irrigation water based on PI

PI	Water quality	Classification	No. of samples	Sample (%)	PI
>75	Class I	Good	50	96%	>75
75–25	Class II	Moderate	2	4%	75–25
<25	Class III	Poor	/	/	<25

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Table 8. Hardness classification of water

TH	Classification	No. of samples	Sample (%)
0−75	Soft	52	100
75−150	Moderately hard	/	/
150−300	Hard	/	/
Over 300	Very hard	/	/

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Table 9. Results of WQI for domestic.

WQI range	Type of water	No. of samples	Sample (%)
<50	Excellent water	/	/
50–100	Good water	52	100
100–200	Poor water	/	/
200–300	Very poor water	/	/
>300	Unsuitable water	/	/

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Table 10. Results of WQI for Irrigation.

WQI range	Type of water	No. of samples	Sample (%)
<50	Excellent water	52	100
50–100	Good water	__	__
100–200	Poor water	__	__
200–300	Very poor water	__	__
>300	Unsuitable water	__	__

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