Hui-Meng Su; Fa-Wang Zhang; Jing-Yu Hu; Jin-Feng Lei; Wei Zuo; Bo Yang; Yu-Hua Liu

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280006

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280006

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-06-15
- 录用日期: 2023-12-15
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-15
- 刊出日期: 2024-03-15

Identified the hydrochemical and the sulfur cycle process in subsidence area of Pingyu mining area using multi-isotopes combined with hydrochemistry methods

Hui-Meng Su¹,
Fa-Wang Zhang^{1, 2
, ,},
Jing-Yu Hu³,
Jin-Feng Lei³,
Wei Zuo^{4, 5},
Bo Yang^{4, 5},
Yu-Hua Liu^{4, 5}

1.
School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2.
Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, Hebei Province, China
3.
Henan Branch, China South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Corporation Limited, Zhengzhou 450046, China
4.
The Fifth Geological Survey Institute, Henan Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Zhengzhou 450012, China
5.
Natural Resources Science and Technology Innovation Center of Henan Province (Research on Eco-Environmental Assessment and Restoration Technology), Zhengzhou 450012, China

More Information

Corresponding author: zhangfawang@karst.ac.cn

摘要

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Abstract: Groundwater serves as an important water source for residents in and around mining areas. To achieve scientific planning and efficient utilization of water resources in mining areas, it is essential to figure out the chemical formation process and the ground water sulfur cycle that transpire after the coal mining activities. Based on studies of hydrochemistry and D,¹⁸O-H₂O,³⁴S-SO₄ isotopes, this study applied principal component analysis, ion ratio and other methods in its attempts to reveal the hydrogeochemical action and sulfur cycle in the subsidence area of Pingyu mining area. The study discovered that, in the studied area, precipitation provides the major supply of groundwater and the main water chemistry effects are dominated by oxidation dissolution of sulfide minerals as well as the dissolution of carbonate and silicate rocks. The sulfate in groundwater primarily originates from oxidation and dissolution of sulfide minerals in coal-bearing strata and human activities. The mixed sulfate formed by the oxidation of sulfide minerals and by human activities continuously recharges the groundwater, promoting the dissolution of carbonate rock and silicate rock in the process.
- PCA /
- Ion ratio /
- Water chemistry /
- Sulfide minerals /
- Multi-isotopes /
- Subsidence area of mining area

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Figure 1. Map of geological geomorphology and sampling points in the study area

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Figure 2. Hydrogeological profile (2008) of the study area

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Figure 3. Piper diagram showing the chemical compositions of the groundwater

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Figure 4. Box plot of isotope in the Study Area ((a) D; (b) ¹⁸O-H₂O; (c) ³⁴S- SO₄; (d) ¹⁸O-H₂O versus D values of the water samples in reference to the GMWL and LMWL)

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Figure 5. End-element diagram of water chemistry in the study area ((a) Gibbs diagram; (b) Mg²⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺molar ratio end element diagram）

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Figure 6. Hydrochemical ion ratio in the study area

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Figure 7. Relationship between ³⁴S-SO₄ and SO₄²⁻

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Figure 8. Water level lines for karst water in mining areas and surrounding subsidence areas

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Table 1. Hydrochemical parameters and PHREEQC calculation results of water samples in the study area

Type	Number	pH	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl⁻	SO₄²⁻	HCO₃⁻	NO₃⁻	H₂SiO₃	TDS	Depth	SI- calcite	SI- dolomite
Type	Number	pH	Concentration（mg/L）										m	SI- calcite	SI- dolomite
Surface water	XF	7.15	5.45	19.35	46.53	26.13	20.74	73.20	223.62	6.86	20.12	310.64	0.00	−0.24	−0.38
	YL	7.19	3.70	4.07	43.09	10.45	15.95	23.65	139.00	4.86	7.44	175.55	0.00	−0.38	−1.02
	NT	7.22	12.00	17.44	67.21	26.13	25.52	61.28	290.10	12.70	24.49	368.10	0.00	0.09	0.11
	XS	7.25	9.12	15.10	86.17	29.26	35.10	83.16	314.27	16.55	5.36	432.17	0.00	0.24	0.35
	HS	7.28	9.38	16.10	39.64	15.68	38.29	13.50	181.31	1.30	5.89	225.28	0.00	−0.22	−0.50
	BS	7.30	11.17	68.88	89.62	27.17	82.95	203.80	229.66	34.81	3.30	634.39	0.00	0.13	0.07
	YH	7.33	6.56	42.06	151.66	36.58	118.05	237.70	271.96	53.42	16.48	782.56	0.00	0.42	0.56
	HTL	7.35	4.36	11.46	44.81	19.86	35.10	68.60	145.05	1.29	6.41	258.43	0.00	−0.22	−0.45
	MG	7.37	4.05	10.54	51.70	22.99	31.91	81.72	169.22	1.04	3.04	289.07	0.00	−0.08	−0.18
	LFS	7.40	8.74	13.55	44.81	19.86	38.29	48.26	169.22	1.09	1.24	259.60	0.00	−0.10	−0.21
	LT	7.45	3.51	9.33	65.49	17.77	41.48	87.04	145.05	6.00	0.20	303.63	0.00	0.03	−0.18
	LW	7.47	4.32	18.02	77.55	17.77	57.43	101.60	169.22	13.60	0.20	375.37	0.00	0.17	0.03
	YW	7.49	4.89	24.01	67.21	26.13	82.95	116.20	145.05	<0.88	0.20	394.33	0.00	0.05	0.03
	ZT	7.52	13.42	58.90	162.00	22.99	264.81	98.12	193.40	5.38	10.93	723.37	0.00	0.53	0.56
Pore water	ZK3	7.23	3.84	20.71	99.96	34.49	63.81	48.84	338.45	31.15	19.14	472.64	55.00	0.31	0.50
	ZK2	7.35	4.97	14.92	133.07	42.78	72.99	82.75	364.34	94.25	30.71	651.66	55.00	0.54	0.94
	ZK7	7.22	1.89	11.54	72.14	23.33	8.69	23.68	332.66	22.30	22.48	347.62	100.00	0.19	0.23
	ZK9	7.36	0.13	15.44	134.43	31.35	60.62	52.66	350.53	76.20	23.24	546.47	70.00	0.56	0.83
	ZK11	7.22	1.10	20.18	105.13	22.99	33.50	86.68	320.31	31.15	18.19	461.31	200.00	0.30	0.27
	ZK13	7.26	4.08	19.57	98.24	31.35	54.24	55.82	350.53	37.00	17.45	475.93	190.33	0.35	0.54
	ZK12	7.29	3.48	25.48	84.45	21.95	25.52	50.60	362.62	3.51	21.16	396.74	132.06	0.35	0.45
	ZK16	7.32	7.77	13.87	82.73	11.50	31.91	28.83	253.83	26.68	14.59	330.69	241.00	0.24	−0.04
Karstic water	SMH	7.30	3.94	26.90	98.56	43.56	159.53	63.60	229.66	43.50	21.98	554.76	300.00	0.20	0.38
	MZ-1	7.32	0.99	11.93	95.22	26.34	35.10	75.55	296.14	28.71	16.12	422.23	400.00	0.33	0.44
	ZK17	7.30	3.89	17.72	73.50	23.30	24.57	23.95	380.18	8.44	18.50	365.84	371.00	0.33	0.50
	PY-X	7.35	5.81	32.84	79.28	29.26	28.71	61.30	308.23	14.96	25.81	406.79	800.00	0.30	0.52
	PY-D	7.38	7.77	33.58	67.21	29.26	22.33	61.32	302.18	7.98	27.63	381.23	800.00	0.26	0.50
	ZK19	7.30	3.38	12.90	130.30	12.16	45.62	39.76	364.34	31.12	19.45	458.02	259.80	0.53	0.37
	DC-3	7.28	2.73	13.84	91.88	35.46	44.67	76.20	332.40	17.96	21.61	449.33	300.00	0.32	0.56

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Table 2. Hydrochemical types in Pingyu Mining area

Type	Hydrochemical type	Amount	Proportion（%）
Pore water	HCO₃—Ca·Mg	6	42.86
	HCO₃·SO₄—Ca·Mg	4	28.57
	SO₄·HCO₃—Ca	1	7.14
	SO₄·HCO₃—Ca·Na	1	7.14
	SO₄·HCO₃·Cl—Ca·Mg	1	7.14
	Cl—Ca	1	7.14
Pore water	HCO₃—Ca·Mg	6	75.00
Pore water	HCO₃—Ca	2	25.00
Karstic water	HCO₃—Ca·Mg	5	71.43
	HCO₃—Ca	1	14.29
	Cl·HCO₃—Ca·Mg	1	14.29

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Table 3. Correlation analysis table

	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl⁻	SO₄²⁻	HCO₃⁻	NO₃⁻	H₂SiO₃	TDS
K⁺	1.000
Na⁺	0.237	1.000
Ca²⁺	−0.377	0.341	1.000
Mg²⁺	−0.116	0.342	0.277	1.000
Cl⁻	−0.136	0.474	0.548	0.629	1.000
SO₄²⁻	−0.266	0.386	0.628	0.509	0.347	1.000
HCO₃⁻	−0.285	−0.084	0.439	−0.036	−0.314	0.255	1.000
NO₃⁻	−0.297	0.253	0.886	0.513	0.604	0.589	0.311	1.000
H₂SiO₃	0.079	0.336	0.390	0.438	0.143	0.494	0.378	0.446	1.000
TDS	−0.306	0.450	0.923	0.602	0.705	0.734	0.337	0.930	0.513	1.000

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Table 4. Eigenvectors of the 3 PCs.

	1	2	3
K⁺	−0.304	−0.130	0.812
Na⁺	0.520	−0.023	0.617
Ca²⁺	0.793	0.414	−0.226
Mg²⁺	0.723	−0.063	0.229
Cl⁻	0.872	−0.399	0.052
SO₄²⁻	0.688	0.392	0.070
HCO₃⁻	0.021	0.902	−0.228
NO₃⁻	0.850	0.310	−0.158
H₂SiO₃	0.391	0.628	0.467
TDS	0.936	0.321	−0.045
Total	4.502	1.912	1.448
Variance percentage (%)	45.016	19.121	14.482
Accumulate%	45.016	64.137	78.620

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