Allia Zineb; Lalaoui Meriem

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280007

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280007

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-12-17
- 录用日期: 2023-05-20
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-15
- 刊出日期: 2024-03-15

Formation mechanism of hydrochemical and quality evaluation of shallow groundwater in the Upper Kebir sub-basin, Northeast Algeria

Allia Zineb^{1, 2
, ,},
Lalaoui Meriem^{1, 2}

1.
Natural Sciences and Materials Laboratory (LSNM), University Center A. Boussouf of Mila, Po Box 26 RP 43000 Mila, Algeria
2.
Institute of Science and Technology, university Center A. Boussouf of Mila, Po Box 26 Postal Reference 43000 Mila, Algeria

More Information

Corresponding author: z.chebbah-allia@centre-univ-mila.dz

摘要

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Abstract: This study investigates the hydrochemical formation mechanism of shallow groundwater in the Upper Kebir upstream sub-basin (Northeastern Algeria). The objective is to evaluate water quality suitability for domestic purposes through the application of water quality index (WQI). A total of 24 water points (wells and borewells) evenly distributed in the basin were collected and analyzed in the laboratory for determining the major ions and other geochemical parameters in the groundwater. The groundwater hydrochemical types were identified as Cl–Na and Cl–HCO₃–Na, with the dominant major ions were found in the order of Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ for cations, and Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > HCO₃^– > NO₃⁻ for anions. Results suggest that weathering, dissolution of carbonate, sulfate, salt rocks, and anthropogenic activities were the major contributors to ion content in the groundwater. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated to assess the water quality of potable water. Approximately 50% of the sampled sites exhibited good water quality. However, the study highlights significant NO₃ contamination in the study area, with 50% of samples exceeding permissible limits. Therefore, effective treatment measures are crucial for the safe consumption of groundwater.
- Semi-arid /
- Salinization process /
- Nitrate /
- Water Quality Index /
- Domestic use

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Figure 1. A. Major geomorphologic units of North Algeria (Villa, 1980). B. Kebir Rhumel subbasins (ABH, 2014).

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Figure 2. Geological map of the study area, redesigned from Setif geological map at 1/200,000 (Villa, 1977).

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Figure 3. Sampling location and piezometric map - January 2020- of the shallow aquifer of the upstream Kebir sub-basin (present study).

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Figure 4. Piper diagram classifying major hydrochemical facies.

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Figure 5. Mechanisms governing groundwater chemistry in the study area (Gibbs, 1970).

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Figure 6. Na⁺ - Cl⁻ and (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺) - (SO₄²⁻ + HCO₃⁻ + CO₃²⁻) scatter diagrams for groundwater samples in the study area.

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Figure 7. Mg²⁺ - Ca²⁺ and SO₄²⁻ - Ca²⁺ scatter diagrams for groundwater in the study area.

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Figure 8. Values and distribution map of the WQI of groundwater in the study area.

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Table 1. Physicochemical groundwater quality constituents in the Upper Kebir sub-basin

	pH	T	CE	TDS	TH	TA	O₂ dis	Ca	Mg	Na	Cl	SO₄	HCO₃	NO₃
Unit		°C	μS/cm	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L
1	7.0	15.9	1,865	1,286	494	240	0.16	115	32	182	314	76	156	28
2	7.4	14.3	1,285	1,074	280	105	0.25	94	41	154	312	79	130	35
3	7.2	20.3	1,420	1,251	477	184	0.24	143	17	208	402	86	92	36
4	7.0	22.4	2,810	1,857	470	220	1.88	186	63	241	357	86	239	37
5	7.1	15.0	4,460	2,543	320	288	0.12	126	58	257	375	87	216	37
6	7.0	20.3	960	749	450	210	0.17	154	6	227	365	120	176	37
7	7.2	19.9	1,075	744	449	312	0.16	127	42	207	375	140	225	41
8	7.1	16.5	1,609	1,163	449	342	0.06	157	67	135	379	146	284	41
9	7.0	16.3	2,900	1,869	958	376	0.29	257	62	295	432	148	292	42
10	7.1	13.0	1,200	857	372	405	0.1	186	48	208	385	157	285	48
11	7.0	18.6	702	509	268	196	0.34	95	25	213	341	157	128	53
12	7.8	13.9	630	579	292	202	0.03	95	65	210	384	157	135	54
13	7.0	15.0	2,380	1,360	852	186	0.55	105	48	291	450	158	127	62
14	7.0	16.6	885	704	292	126	0.16	128	34	205	357	162	163	68
15	7.0	11.5	4,918	3,006	491	201	8.12	114	42	265	403	163	189	68
16	7.1	16.5	2,620	1,610	373	186	3.5	84	35	242	356	169	145	82
17	7.4	15.4	5,830	4,223	412	204	2.07	136	38	214	365	178	137	82
18	7.7	17.7	3,525	2,434	343	190	6.04	143	28	238	375	186	185	92
19	7.3	19.6	5,282	3,214	538	234	5.4	203	58	239	425	198	207	94
20	7.2	17.3	4,200	2,940	433	158	0.7	129	29	259	405	213	182	95
21	7.1	21.7	1,375	1,250	365	202	0.716	139	47	228	390	241	175	108
22	6.7	17.3	2,900	1,726	114	154	0.74	133	48	224	365	385	186	114
23	7.0	15.5	4,196	2,369	570	310	0.481	189	36	229	385	428	230	115
24	7.5	18.9	2,172	1149	500	302	0.508	148	33	232	325	198	254	37

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Table 2. Summary statistics of groundwater physicochemical parameters with WHO drinking water quality standards

	Min	Max	Mean	SD	CV%	WHO (2011)		Number of samples below MPL	Number of samples exceeding MPL
	Min	Max	Mean	SD	CV%	DL	MPL	Number of samples below MPL	Number of samples exceeding MPL
pH	6.7	7.85	7.15	0.27	3.80	6.5–8.5	9.2	24	0
T (°C)	11.5	22.4	17.05	2.81	16.45	25		24	0
EC (µs/cm)	630	5,830	2,549.96	1,565.41	61.39	900	1,400	3	21
TDS (mg/L)	509	4,223	1,686.01	967.44	57.38	600	900	0	24
TH as CaCO₃ (mg/L)	114	958	440.08	177.04	40.23	100	500	0	24
TA as CaCO₃ (mg/L)	105	405	230.54	76.90	33.35	150	-	2	22
Dissolved O₂ (mg/L)	0.03	8.12	1.336	2.18	159.84	4–6	-	22	2
Ca (mg/L)	84	257	141.08	40.30	28.56	75	200	23	1
Mg (mg/L)	6	67	41.75	15.55	37.24	50	150	24	0
Na (mg/L)	135	295	225.13	36.60	16.26	-	200	2	22
Cl (mg/L)	312	450	375.92	34.23	9.10	250	600	24	0
SO₄ (mg/L)	76	486	183.58	106.23	57.87	200	500	24	0
HCO₃ (mg/L)	92	292	189.08	55.10	29.14	125	350	24	0
NO₃ (mg/L)	28	128	66.54	30.53	45.88	50	-	10	14
Min: Minimum, Max: Maximum, SD: Standard deviation, CV%: Coefficients of variation (%), DL: Desirable limits, MPL: Maximum permissible limits. EC, TDS, TH and TA Values are at 25°C.

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Table 4. WQI Computation of groundwater in the study area

	S_i	w_i	W_i	C_i (Mean values)	q_i	SI
pH	8.5	3	0.097	7.15	84.14	8.16
T (°C)	25	4	0.129	17.05	68.24	8.80
EC (µs / cm)	1500	3	0.097	2,549.96	170.00	16.49
Ca (mg/L)	200	2	0.065	141.08	70.54	4.59
Mg (mg/L)	150	2	0.065	41.75	27.83	1.81
Na (mg/L)	200	2	0.065	225.13	112.56	7.32
Cl (mg/L)	250	4	0.128	375.92	126.06	16.14
SO₄ (mg/L)	250	3	0.097	183.58	73.43	4.12
HCO₃ (mg/L)	125	3	0.097	189.08	150.37	14.59
NO₃ (mg/L)	50	5	0.160	66.54	133.08	21.29
		Σw_i = 31	1

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Table 3. Classification of water quality

Ranking	WQI Value	Explanation
< 50	Excellent water	Good for human health
50–100	Good water	Suitable for human consumption
100–200	Poor water	Water in poor condition
200–300	Very poor water	Needs special attention before use
> 300	Unsuitable for drinking	Requires too much attention

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