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Abstract: Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) store unstable and non-continuous energy underground, releasing stable heat energy on demand. This effectively improve energy utilization and optimize energy allocation. As UTES technology advances, accommodating greater depth, higher temperature and multi-energy complementarity, new research challenges emerge. This paper comprehensively provides a systematic summary of the current research status of UTES. It categorized different types of UTES systems, analyzes the applicability of key technologies of UTES, and evaluate their economic and environmental benefits. Moreover, this paper identifies existing issues with UTES, such as injection blockage, wellbore scaling and corrosion, seepage and heat transfer in cracks, etc. It suggests deepening the research on blockage formation mechanism and plugging prevention technology, improving the study of anticorrosive materials and water treatment technology, and enhancing the investigation of reservoir fracture network characterization technology and seepage heat transfer. These recommendations serve as valuable references for promoting the high-quality development of UTES.
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Figure 1. Schematic representation of the most common UTES systems. Adapted from (Lee, 2013; Matos et al. 2019)
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of BTES system: (a) boreholes distribution plan view; (b) single borehole configuration (Zhang et al. 2012)
Figure 3. HWTES system (Xu et al. 2014)
Figure 4. GWTES system (Pfeil and Koch, 2000)
Table 1. International application cases of ATES
Year Country Purpose Facility Well depth (m) Well number Temperature (°C) Capacity (MW) Reference 2000 Germany H+C Building 320 12 19 / Holstenkamp et al. 2017 2001 Sweden H+C Expo architecture 75 10 / 1.3 Andersson, 2007 2004 Germany HT District heating 1,250 2 55 3.3 Holstenkamp et al. 2017 2008 America C University 60 6 / 2 Paksoy, 2009 2013 China H+C Research Center / / 2.3 / Yao et al. 2023 2013 Britain H+C Apartments 70 8 / 2.9 Fleuchaus et al. 2018 2015 Netherland H+C District heating / 7 / 20 Fleuchaus et al. 2018 2015 Denmark H+C Airport 110 10 / 5 Larsen and Sonderberg, 2015 2016 China H+C factory / 2 / 43 Zhang et al. 2021b Note: H is Heat; C is Cool. 
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Table 2. Application cases of BTES system technology worldwide
Year Country Purpose Facility Number of pipes Depth (m) Reference 2004 Canada H+C University 384 213 Dincer and Rosen, 2007 2007 Germany H school 80 55 Mangold, 2007 2011 China H+C Commercial center 3,789 120 Yin and Wu, 2018 2012 Denmark H District heating 48 45 Gehlin, 2016 2015 Romania H+C Research center 1,080 125 Gehlin, 2016 2016 China H+C District heating 468 80 Xu et al. 2018 2019 China H+C Airport 10,680 140/120 He et al. 2022 2020 China H+C Hospital 1,320 120 Wang et al. 2023 Note: H is Heat; C is Cool.
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Table 3. Comparison of thermal energy storage systems (Rad and Fung, 2016; Schmidt et al. 2003)
ATES BTES GWTES HWTES Storage medium Ground material/water Ground material Gravel-water Water Heat capacity
(kW h/m3)30–40 15–30 30–50 60–80 Storage volume for (1 m3 of water equivalent) 2–3 3–5 1.3–2 1 Geological requirement · Natural aquifer layer with high hydraulic conductivity;
· Confining layers on top and below;
· No or low natural groundwater flow;
· Suitable water chemistry at high temperatures;
· Aquifer thickness 20–50 m· Drillable ground;
· Groundwater favorable;
· High heat capacity;
· High thermal conductivity;
· Low hydraulic conductivity;
· Natural groundwater flow <1 m/s;
· 30–100 m deep· Stable ground conditions;
· Preferably no groundwater;
· 5–15 m deep
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Table 4. Common numerical simulation software for UTES and its characteristics (Gao et al. 2017)
Code Numerical scheme Characteristic and application conditions VS2DH Finite difference 2-D；constant density fluid; variably saturated porous media; single phase fluid flow FEHM Control volume finite element 3-D；for multiphase flow of heat and mass with air, water, and CO2 MT3DMS Finite difference 3-D；always coupled with MODFLOW; simulating heat transport due to the analogy between heat and mass transfer processes FEFLOW Finite element 3-D; able to incorporate spatially variable aquifer properties, geologic layering, and screening of pumping/injection wells over multiple intervals TOUGH2 Integral finite differences 3-D；variably saturated porous and fractured media; coupled transport of water, vapor, noncondensable gas, and heat FLUENT Finite volume 3-D；useful in fluid flow, heat transfer, chemical reaction etc. COMSOL Finite element 3-D；multiphysics; different module
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Table 5. Energy conservation and emission reduction indicators (Zhou et al. 2022)
Parameters Formula Unit Energy conservation Cumulative cooling load per unit air conditioning area $ {Q}_{c}={a}_{c}{q}_{c}{t}_{c} $ Kwh/m2 Cumulative heat load per unit air conditioning area $ {Q}_{h}={a}_{h}{q}_{h}{t}_{h} $ Kwh/m2 The modified cumulative cooling load of the building $ {Q}_{r}=\dfrac{(1-1/{\varepsilon }_{h})}{(1+1/{\varepsilon }_{c})}{Q}_{h} $ Kwh/m2 Energy savings during the cooling season $ \Delta {\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{c}}=\mathrm{D}{\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\dfrac{1}{{\mathrm{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{t}}}-\dfrac{1}{{\mathrm{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right) $ kgce/m2 Energy savings during the heating season $ \Delta {\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{h}}=\dfrac{3,600{\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{h}}}{{\mathrm{q}}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{t}}}-\dfrac{\mathrm{D}{\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{h}}}{{\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{h}}} $ kgce/m2 Annual energy savings $ \Delta \mathrm{E}=\Delta {\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{c}}+\Delta {\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{h}} $ kgce/m2 Annual electricity savings $ \Delta \mathrm{P}=\dfrac{\Delta \mathrm{E}}{\mathrm{D}} $ Kwh/m2 Emission reduction CO2 emission reduction $ {Q}_{{CO}_{2}}={Q}_{s}\times {V}_{{CO}_{2}} $ t/a SO2 emission reduction $ {Q}_{{SO}_{2}}={Q}_{s}\times {V}_{{SO}_{2}} $ t/a Dust emission reduction $ {Q}_{fc}={Q}_{s}\times {V}_{fc} $ t/a Note : $ {a}_{c} $ and $ {a}_{h} $ are the adjustment coefficients of cooling load and heating load respectively, and they are both 0.52; $ {q}_{c} $ and $ {q}_{h} $ are the cooling load in summer and heating load in winter respectively, W/m; $ {t}_{c} $ and $ {t}_{h} $ are the operating time of cooling in summer and heating in winter respectively, h; $ {\epsilon }_{c} $ and $ {\epsilon }_{h} $ are the energy efficiency ratio of refrigeration and heating of underground energy storage system; $ {\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{t}} $ is the energy efficiency ratio of conventional air conditioning refrigeration; $ {\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{t}} $ is the operating efficiency of coal-fired boilers; $ {\mathrm{q}}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{m}} $ is the calorific value of standard coal, taking 29,307 kJ /kg; D is equivalent to the consumption of standard coal per kwh, 0.327 kgce/kwh; $ {Q}_{s} $ is conventional energy replacement quantity, tce/a; $ {V}_{{CO}_{2}} $, $ {V}_{{SO}_{2}} $ and $ {V}_{fc} $ are the emission intensity of CO2, SO2 and dust respectively, which are 2.47 t/tce, 0.02 t/tce and 0.01 t/tce, respectively. 2; The buried tube heat exchanger is designed for heating conditions in winter, and auxiliary cold source is used for peak regulation in summer, so that the heat extraction to the underground in winter and the heat storage to the underground in summer are basically balanced. Therefore, when calculating energy saving, the summer load is modified based on the winter load to ensure the balance of heat absorption and emission in winter and summer.
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