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Variations in evaporation from water surfaces along the margins of the Badain Jaran Desert over nearly 60 years and influencing factors
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Abstract: Based on meteorological data collected over nearly 60 years (1960–2017) from four national meteorological stations along the margins of the Badain Jaran Desert, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in evaporation from water surfaces and identified the dominant controlling factors. Methods used included linear trend analysis, linear tendency estimation, the departure method, the rank correlation coefficient-based method, and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Results indicate notable spatiotemporal differences in evaporation distribution and evolution. Spatially, average annual evaporation exhibited a pronounced altitude effect, decreasing at a rate of about 8.23 mm/m from east to west with increasing altitude. Temporally, annual evaporation showed significant upward trends after 1996 at the northeastern (Guaizi Lake) and western (Dingxin) margins, with rates of 132 mm/10a and 105 mm/10a, respectively. Conversely, along the northwestern (Ejina Banner) and southern (Alxa Right Banner) margins of the desert, an evaporation paradox was observed, with annual evaporation trending downward at rates of 162 mm/10a and 187 mm/10a, respectively, especially after 1987. The dominant factors controlling evaporation varied spatially: Average annual temperature and relative humidity influended the western margin (Dingxin), average annual temperature was the key factor for the northeastern margin (Guaizi Lake), and average wind speed was crucial for the northern (Ejina Banner) and southern (Alxa Right Banner) margins.
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Figure 5. Variation trends in the average annual temperatures in the Badain Jaran Desert during 1960‒2017.
Figure 6. Variation trends in the average wind speeds in the Badain Jaran Desert during 1960‒2017.
Figure 7. Variation trends in the annual rainfall in the Badain Jaran Desert during 1960‒2017.
Figure 8. Variation trends in the sunshine duration in the Badain Jaran Desert during 1960‒2017.
Figure 9. Variation trends in the relative humidity in the Badain Jaran Desert during 1960‒2017.
Table 1. Basic information about the national meteorological stations at the periphery of the Badain Jaran Desert.
Station Elevation/m Mean annual temperature/°C Annual precipitation/mm Mean annual evaporation/mm Ejina Banner 941.3 9.1 35.3 3,352.3 Guaizi Lake 960.0 9.2 45.2 4,308.4 Dingxin 1,178.6 8.6 57.3 2,508.6 Alxa Right Banner 1,511.5 8.9 120 3,486.2 
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Table 2. Interannual variation trends in primary meteorological elements of four national meteorological stations in the Badain Jaran Desert (1960‒2017)
Meteorological element Trend check Ejina Banner Guaizi Lake Dingxin Alxa Right Banner Temperature (°C) Changing rate/10a 0.49 0.41 0.32 0.34 Precipitation (mm) Changing rate/10a −0.18 −0.53 1.98 2.99 φ20 pan evaporation (mm) Changing rate/10a −162.42 131.72 104.97 −187.36 Relative humidity (%) Changing rate/10a −0.90 −0.79 −0.99 −0.50 Mean wind speed (m/s) Changing rate/10a −0.26 0.10 −0.07 −0.31 Sunshine duration (h) Changing rate/10a −34.48 20.28 −7.65 106.00 *Confidence level: α=0.05;
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Table 3. Coefficients of correlations (re) between meteorological elements and evaporation in the Badain Jaran Desert during 1960‒2017
Coefficients of correlations between meteorological elements and pan evaporation Temperature Wind speed Rainfall Relative humidity Sunshine duration Right Banner −.574** .786** −.266* −.431** .298* Dingxin .677** .467** −.115 −.621** .197 Guaizi Lake .717** .368** −.312* −.419** .343* Ejina Banner −.437** .703** −.304* −.476** .171 * and ** denote the significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01, respectively in statistics.
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Table 4. Multiple correlation coefficients between evaporation and three independent variables for the Badain Jaran Desert during 1960‒2017.
R R2 Adjusted R2 Dingxin 0.748 0.56 0.535 Ejina Banner 0.815 0.665 0.646 Guaizi Lake 0.708 0.501 0.482 Alxa Right Banner 0.706 0.498 0.468
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Table 5. Partial regression coefficients between evaporation and three independent variables of the Badain Jaran Desert during 1960‒2017 and their t-tests
Dingxin Ejina Banner Guaizi Lake Alxa right banner Coefficient p VIF Coefficient p VIF Coefficient p VIF Coefficient p VIF Constant 1951.433 0.011 2325.353 0.005 2326.376 0.003 1431.275 0.197 Temperature 183.685 0.000 1.478 378.623 0.736 1.659 189.746 0.000 1.198 338.132 0.652 1.937 Wind speed 84.535 0.153 1.275 450.80 0.000 2.037 104.134 0.305 1.255 475.506 0.000 1.851 Relative humidity −28.906 0.003 1.406 2.487 0.844 1.356 −8.177 0.477 1.239 3.751 0.797 1.072
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