Mi Tang; Jun Lv; Shi Yu; Yan Liu; Shao-hong You; Ping-ping Jiang

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280020

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280020

¹,
²,
^{1, 3, 4, 5},
⁶,
^{1, 7, ,},
^8, ,

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-11-15
- 录用日期: 2024-05-18
- 网络出版日期: 2024-08-10
- 刊出日期: 2024-09-15

Application of hydrochemistry and strontium isotope for understanding the hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of strontium-rich groundwater in karst area, Gongcheng County, Southwest China

Mi Tang¹,
Jun Lv²,
Shi Yu^{1, 3, 4, 5},
Yan Liu⁶,
Shao-hong You^{1, 7
, ,},
Ping-ping Jiang^{8
, ,}

1.
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
2.
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Hydrographic Centre, Nanning 530023, China
3.
Technical Innovation Center of Mine Geological Environmental Restoration Engineering in Southern Karst Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanning 530028, China
4.
Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources & Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
5.
International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO/National Center for International Research on Karst Dynamic System and Global Change, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
6.
Guilin Research Institute of Environmental Protection Sciences, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
7.
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application of Inorganic Materials, Laibin 546199, Guangxi, China
8.
College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China

More Information

Corresponding author: youshaohong@glut.edu.cn; jiangpp@glut.edu.cn

摘要

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Abstract: Understanding the hydrochemical characteristics and genesis mechanisms of strontium-rich groundwater is pivotal for supporting the exploitation and utilization of natural strontium-rich groundwater. In this research, 27 groundwater samples were collected. By analyzing major ion chemistry and strontium isotope data, and considering the hydrogeological context, various analytical approaches, including multivariate statistics, ion ratios, and isotopes, were used to reveal the characteristics and genesis mechanisms of strontium-rich groundwater in the study area. The findings indicate that the predominant hydrochemical type of groundwater is HCO₃-Ca, with Ca²⁺ and HCO₃⁻ as the primary cations and anions. The hydrochemistry of the strontium-rich groundwater is predominantly influenced by rock weathering processes. A combination of factors, including ion exchange, and anthropogenic activities, shapes the compositional characteristics of the groundwater in the region. The dissolution of calcite due to weathering emerges as the principal source of strontium in the groundwater. While ion exchange processes are not conducive to strontium enrichment in groundwater, their effect is relatively limited. The impact of human activities on the groundwater is minor.
- Hydrochemistry analysis /
- Strontium /
- ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr /
- Groundwater /
- Karst

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Figure 1. (a) Simplified hydrogeological map of study area; (b) Elevation of study area; (c) Location of study area in China

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Figure 2. The box diagram of (a) major cation content (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) and (b) major anion content (HCO₃^－, Cl^－, SO₄^2－, NO₃^－) of groundwater

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Figure 3. Piper's trilinear diagram showing the hydrochemical facies of groundwater

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Figure 4. Diagram of SO₄²⁻ vs. HCO₃⁻ + Cl⁻ of groundwaters. Iso-salinity lines are drawn for reference

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Figure 5. Gibbs diagram of groundwater

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Figure 6. Diagram of Ca²⁺/Na⁺ vs. Mg²⁺/Na⁺ of groundwater

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Figure 7. Diagram of (a) Ca²⁺/Sr vs. Mg²⁺/Sr, (b) ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr vs. Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ of groundwater

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Figure 8. Diagram of the Sr²⁺ and SI of different minerals of groundwater

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Figure 9. Diagram of SI vs. TDS (a) calcite, (b) aragonite, (c) dolomite, (d) gypsum, and (e) anhydrite), (f) Sr vs. TDS of groundwater

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Figure 10. Diagram of (a) Na⁺ + K⁺ – Cl^－ vs. (Mg²⁺+ Ca²⁺) – (SO₄^2－ + HCO₃^－), (b) CAI 1 vs. CAI 2, (c) Sr vs. CAI 1, and (d) Sr vs. CAI 2 of groundwater

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Figure 11. Diagram of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr vs. Sr/[K⁺ + Na⁺] of groundwater

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Figure 12. Diagram of (a) SO₄^2－/Ca²⁺ vs. NO₃^－/Ca²⁺, (b) NO₃^－/Cl^－ vs. Cl^－ of groundwater

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Table 1. Statistical table of sampling groundwater from different aquifer.

Groundwater type	Sampling site code	Sampling site	Depth of water table/m	Aquifer group	pH	Ec μs/cm	T /°C
Pore groundwater	S1158	well	2.5	Qhg	7.0	596	20.0
	S1079	well	0.3	Qhg	6.5	218	20.4
	S1011	well	6	Qhg	7.2	564	21.5
	S2092	spring	null	Opw	7.3	444	21.4
Fissure groundwater	S1111	motor-pumped well	0.9	C₁lz	7.1	354	25.5
	S1252	well	0.6	C₁lz	6.7	383	20.4
	S1216	spring	null	C₁lz	7.1	365	21.2
	S1094	spring	null	C₁lz	6.8	210	21.4
	S1062	spring	null	C₁lz	7.2	267	19.6
Karst groundwater	S1161	motor-pumped well	7.6	D₃r	6.6	96	21.8
	S1034	well	2	C₁b	6.8	408	22.8
	S2003	well	1.8	C₁h	7.3	474	23.0
	S2004	spring	null	C₁h	7.1	439	19.4
	S2074	spring	null	C₁h	7.2	252	23.5

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Table 2. Descriptive statistics of the main chemical components of groundwater.

Parameters		TDS	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	HCO₃⁻	Cl⁻	SO₄²⁻	NO₃⁻
Parameters		mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L
Pore Groundwater (n=4)	Max.	256.80	8.46	16.79	116.20	9.47	368.34	24.74	53.86	25.84
	Min.	51.60	0.36	1.66	38.34	1.70	116.54	2.50	4.56	0.05
	Mean	151.62	3.47	5.91	83.37	4.18	246.08	10.03	18.60	8.04
	MD	149.04	2.52	2.60	89.48	2.78	249.72	6.44	8.00	3.13
Fissure groundwater (n=5)	Max.	225.7	6.22	3.42	78.03	4.16	214.34	8.71	29.35	33.88
	Min.	34.9	0.18	0.6	44.21	1.38	108.21	0.76	2.72	0.05
	Mean	103.48	1.81	1.50	57.74	3.15	168.14	3.75	12.93	9.54
	MD	103.48	0.4	1.12	51.28	3.39	164.4	2.18	8.91	2.42
Karst groundwater (n=5)	Max.	318.70	7.70	7.39	88.30	7.37	283.02	10.78	24.81	23.29
	Min.	215.30	0.19	0.42	13.76	0.74	24.97	1.16	5.98	0.05
	Mean	259.56	3.57	3.25	59.53	4.30	181.88	4.39	13.49	11.75
	MD	252.40	1.67	1.37	65.24	5.50	216.42	2.58	9.02	16.99
Note: Max.: maximum, Min.: minimum, MD: Median, TDS: Total dissolve solids.

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Table 3. Correlation coefficients between hydrochemical parameters of groundwaters (n=14)

	Sr	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	HCO₃^－	Cl^－	SO₄^2－	NO₃^－
Sr	1
K⁺	−.392	1
Na⁺	−.118	.831^**	1
Ca²⁺	.537^*	.074	.284	1
Mg²⁺	−.051	.732^**	.796^**	.469	1
HCO₃^－	.484	.033	.216	.982^**	.465	1
Cl^－	.163	.662^**	.928^**	.338	.661^*	.224	1
SO₄^2－	.194	.672^**	.866^**	.354	.760^**	.256	.925^**	1
NO₃^－	−.375	.383	.057	−.212	−.058	−.295	−.001	−.096	1
Note: * * Indigenous at 0.01 level (bilateral), * Indigenous at 0.05 level (bilateral).

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Table 4. Sr concentrations and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of different groundwater types

Groundwater type	Sr (mg/L)		⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (2σ)
Groundwater type	Range	Average	Range	Average
Pore groundwater	0.28–0.36	0.31	0.708190–0.712393	0.710000
Fissure groundwater	0.12–0.64	0.33	0.708339–0.709489	0.708446
Karst groundwater	0.04–0.34	0.16	0.708289–0.710818	0.709831

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