Aida H Baghanam; Vahid Nourani; Zohre Khodaverdi; Amirreza T Vakili

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280021

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280021

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-06-26
- 录用日期: 2024-03-29
- 网络出版日期: 2024-08-10
- 刊出日期: 2024-09-15

Assessment of water quality suitability for agriculture in a potentially leachate-contaminated region

1.
Department of water resources engineering, Faculty of civil engineering, University of Tabriz, Iran

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Corresponding author: zohre.khodaverdi@gmail.com

摘要

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Abstract: Dump sites pose a significant threat to groundwater resources due to the possibility of leachate leakage into the aquifer. This study investigated the impact of leachate on groundwater quality in the southwest region of Zanjan City, Iran, where groundwater is utilized for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. We analyzed 18 parameters of dump site leachate, including physicochemical, heavy metals, and bacterial properties, alongside 13 groundwater samples. Sampling was conducted twice, in November 2020 and June 2021, within a five-kilometer radius of the Zanjan dump site. We utilized the Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) to evaluate potential groundwater contamination by leachate leakage from nearby dumpsite. Additionally, due to the predominant agricultural activities in the study area, various indices were employed to assess groundwater quality for agricultural purposes, such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Index (SSI), Kelly Ratio (KR), and Permeability Index (PI). Our analysis revealed no observed contamination related to leachate in the study area according to the LPI results. However, with the persistent pollution threat, implementing sanitary measures at the dump site is crucial to prevent potential impacts on groundwater quality. Moreover, the assessment of groundwater quality adequacy for irrigation yielded satisfactory results for SAR, KR, and PI indices. However, during both the dry (November 2020) and wet seasons (June 2021), the SSP index indicated that 80% of the samples were not classified as excellent, suggesting groundwater may not be suitable for agriculture. Overall, our qualitative study highlights the significant impact of the dry season on groundwater quality in the study area, attributed to elevated concentration levels of the investigated parameters within groundwater sources during the dry season.
- Leachate pollution index (LPI) /
- Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) /
- Soluble sodium index (SSI) /
- Water quality in agriculture

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Figure 1. Weight percentage of materials in Zanjan landfill

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Figure 2. The site of study area

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Figure 3. Dump site leachate sampling points

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Figure 4. Summary chart of SSP index (dry and wet seasons)

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Figure 5. Graph of PI index status in two sampling periods

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Figure 6. Summary of groundwater analysis for agricultural use

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Table 1. Location of sampling in the vicinity of Zanjan dump site

Site	Depth /m	Distance from dump site /Km	Groundwater direction	Land use
1	130	3.4	Upstream	Agriculture
2	110	3.8	Upstream	Livestock
3	120	3.6	Upstream	Aviculture
4	80	3.5	Upstream	Aviculture
5	135	1.5	Downstream	Agriculture
6	8	2.9	Downstream	Residential
7	120	3.7	Downstream	Industrial
8	157	4.15	Downstream	Agriculture
9	140	4.3	Downstream	Agriculture
10	120	4.5	Downstream	Livestock
11	145	4.8	Downstream	Agriculture
12	85	5.2	Downstream	Aviculture
13	89	5.4	Downstream	Industrial

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Table 2. Limits set for agricultural indicators

Category/Index	SAR	SSP	KR	PI
Great	<10	<20	_	>75
Good	18–10	20–40	_	25–75
Medium	18–26	40–60	_	_
Suspect	_	60–80	_	_
Inappropriate	>26	>80	_	<25
Usable	_	_	<1	_
Unusable	_	_	>1	_
Note: In all the proposed indicators, values are entered in milliequivalents per liter

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Table 3. Summary of physicochemical parameters

Parameter	Groundwater						Parameter	Leachate
	Dry seasons			Wet seasons				Dry seasons		Wet seasons
	Average	Max	Min	Average	Max	Min		Fresh waste	Old waste	Fresh waste	Old waste
pH	6.5	7.2	6.1	6.5	6.8	5.9	PH	5.7	8.2	5.1	7.9
TDS (ppm)	755.6	2150	376.0	615.6	1210	350	EC (µs)	34,900	34,100	26,700	26,000
Cl (mg/L)	142.2	396.9	39.1	123.7	326.6	63.9	TDS (ppm)	17,400	17,100	13,400	13,100
COD (mg/L)	55.2	155.5	3.6	32.0	86.3	4.4	NO₃ (mg/L)	200	50	160	40
NH₃ (mg/L)	0.11	0.31	0.04	0.08	0.11	0.05	Cl (mg/L)	200	150	6,248	200
HCO₃ (mg/L)	175.9	237.0	128.8	200.8	233.9	123.9	COD (mg/L)	55,750	9,079	42,522	5,500
Ca (mg/L)	229.5	410.0	128	103.7	234	40.6	PO₄ (mg/L)	234	61	240	78
Mg (mg/L)	36.1	49.7	24.1	23.8	33.5	15.7	SO₄ (mg/L)	1,800	200	1100	500
Na (mg/L)	142.3	621.0	36.4	67.8	178.5	22.9	NH₃ (mg/L)	640	790	680	820
K (mg/L)	3.6	7.3	1.1	2.1	3.8	0.6	Hg (µg/L)	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01
Hg (µg/L)	-	-	-	-	-	-	Cr (µg/L)	0.3	1.4	0.1	1.1
Cr (µg/L)	10.1	11.1	9.9	13.5	13.7	13.3	Cu (ppm)	0.2	0.17	0.04	0.03
Cu (µg/L)	4.1	4.2	4	4.4	4.8	4.1	Fe (ppm)	16	5.1	9.5	3
Fe (mg/L)	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ni (ppm)	0.6	1.4	0.5	1.1
Ni (µg/L)	1.5	2	1.2	1.1	1.1	1	Pb (ppm)	0.01	0.06	0.02	0.07
Pb (µg/L)	-	-	-	-	-	-	Zn (ppm)	3	0.42	0.25	0.03
Zn (µg/L)	-	-	-	-	-	-	Mn (ppm)	24	0.3	9.3	0.1
Coliforms	-	-	-	-	-	-	Coliforms	460	1100	460	1100

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Table 4. Results of the evaluated indexes through sampling points (dry and wet seasons)

parameters		Average	Max	Min	Standard deviation	Coefficient of changes
Leachate LPI	Dry season	24.52	24.54	24.51	0.02	0
Groundwater LPI		5.32	5.5	5.15	0.11	0.02
SAR		2.15	7.73	0.66	1.81	0.84
SSP		26	52.69	12.53	10.99	0.42
KR		0.38	1.11	0.14	0.26	0.67
PI		35.23	55.56	25.58	8.32	0.24
Leachate LPI	Wet season	27.36	27.93	26.79	0.81	0.03
Groundwater LPI		5.34	5.40	5.08	0.55	0.10
SAR		1.5	2.9	0.62	0.71	0.47
SSP		28.37	43.4	16.93	7.54	0.27
KR		0.4	0.86	0.14	0.16	0.39
PI		49.84	64.93	35.59	9.27	0.19

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