Djafer Khodja Hakim; Aichour Amina; Metaiche Mehdi; Ferhati Ahmed

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280030

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280030

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-03-22
- 录用日期: 2024-09-21
- 网络出版日期: 2024-12-06
- 刊出日期: 2024-12-09

Groundwater quality assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes in Boumerdes Region, Algeria

1.
Water Engineering Department, Institute of Technology. University of Bouira, 10000, Algeria
2.
Laboratory Processes for Materials, Energy, Water and Environment, University of Bouira, 10000, Algeria
3.
Industrial Chemical Technology Department, Institute of Technology. University of Bouira, 10000, Algeria
4.
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Science and Applied Science. University of Bouira, Algeria
5.
Department of Hydraulic, Faculty of Science. University of M'sila, 28000, Algeria

More Information

Corresponding author: h.djaferkhodja@univ-bouira.dz

摘要

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Abstract: In Algeria, water is a critically limited resource. Rapid demographic, urban and economic development has significantly increased water demand, the particularly for drinking water supply and agriculture. Groundwater serves as the primary source of water in the Boumerdes Region, located in northern Algeria, Therefore evaluating groundwater quality for water supply and irrigation purposes is very crucial. In this study, 49 groundwater samples were collected in 2021 and analyzed based on 17 physicochemical parameters. These results were processed using multivariate analysis and compared against the standards established by both the World Health Organization and Algerian Standards. The findings revealed that the concentrations of Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Nitrate of some samples exceeded acceptable limits, indicating that physicochemical treatment is necessary before use for drinking water supply. For irrigation suitability, several indices were employed, including Sodium Adsorption Rate (SAR), Wilcox diagram, Magnesium Absorption Ratio (MAR), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSB), Permeability Index (PI) and Stuyfzand Index. The results of these indices show that groundwater in the region generally meets irrigation standards with a low risk. However, the groundwater should still be managed carefully to prevent salinity-related issues. This study highlights the current status of groundwater quality the Boumerdes region and offers important insights for the sustainable management of water resources in the area.
- Groundwater quality /
- Multivariate statistical analysis /
- Hydrochemical diagram /
- Water supply /
- Quality indices /
- Algeria

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Figure 1. Geographic location of Boumerdes region

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Figure 2. Lithological map of Boumerdes region

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Figure 3. Cartographic of 49 boreholes of the study area

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Figure 4. Cartography of the physic-chemical parameters of the study area

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Figure 5. Individual's diagrams of Boumerdes groundwater

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Figure 6. Cluster Dendrogram for physicochemical and boreholes parameters.

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Figure 7. Piper diagram of Boumerdes groundwater

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Figure 8. Schoeller-Berkaloff diagram of Boumerdes groundwater diagram (F1-F10), (F11-F20) and (F20-F31)

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Figure 9. Cartography of irrigation water quality indices.

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Table 1. Physico-chemical data of Boumerdes groundwaters (2021)

Variables	Minimum	Maximum	Moyenne	Ecart type	Variance
T	9.00	25.00	20.16	5.30	28.07
pH	6.62	7.84	7.11	0.32	0.10
Cond	114.00	2,050.00	1,167.32	425.55	181,091.96
Turbid	0.30	62.00	5.29	12.69	161.07
Na⁺	21.00	80.00	43.74	12.49	155.93
K⁺	1.00	7.00	3.58	1.77	3.13
Ca²⁺	52.00	216.00	128.39	40.12	1,609.98
Mg²⁺	11.00	110.00	42.42	23.45	550.05
NH₄⁺	0.00	0.77	0.05	0.15	0.02
Fe²⁺	0.00	0.37	0.06	0.11	0.01
Mn²⁺	0.00	0.24	0.02	0.05	0.00
HCO₃⁻	186.00	689.00	429.06	110.21	12,146.66
Cl⁻	22.00	184.00	89.74	46.83	2,192.93
SO₄²⁻	11.00	312.00	83.65	55.78	3,111.37
NO₂⁻	0.00	0.55	0.05	0.12	0.01
NO₃⁻	0.00	103.00	18.83	21.82	476.19
PO₄³⁻	0.00	0.36	0.01	0.06	0.00
Notes: All Data in (mg/L) except (Turbid (NTU), Cond (µS/cm), pH and T (°C)).

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Table 2. Physicochemical analysis for water supply according to Algerian and World Health Organization Standards (World Health Organization, 2006; Official Journal of the Algerian Republic, 2011)

Parameters	Algerian Standards	WHO Standards
pH	6.5–9	6.5–9.5
Conductivity (μS ⁄cm)	2,800	no guide value
Temperature (°C)	25	no guide value
SO₄²⁻(mg/L)	400	500
HCO₃⁻	no guide value	no guide value
NO₃⁻(mg/L)	50	50
Ca²⁺(mg/L en CaCO₃)	200	30
Mg²⁺(mg/L)	no guide value	100
Na⁺(mg/L)	200	no guide value
K⁺(mg/L)	12	12
Cl⁻(mg/L)	500	250
Turbid (NTU)	5	5

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Table 3. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy

Sampling adequacy tests		Value
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index for measuring sampling quality		0.593
Bartlett's test of sphericity	Khi- square approx	249.871
	ddl	136
	Meaning	<0.001

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Table 4. Correlation matrix of the physicochemical parameters of Boumerdes groundwater

Variables	T	pH	Cond	Turbid	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺	NH₄⁺	Fe²⁺	Mn²⁺	Cl⁻	SO₄²⁻	HCO₃⁻	NO₂⁻	NO₃⁻	PO₄³⁻
T	1.00
pH	0.00	1.00
Cond	−0.17	−0.21	1.00
Turbid	−0.01	−0.18	−0.22	1.00
Ca²⁺	−0.25	−0.21	0.53	0.34	1.00
Mg²⁺	−0.25	−0.06	0.58	0.09	0.39	1.00
Na⁺	0.08	−0.36	0.37	0.27	0.47	0.34	1.00
K⁺	−0.03	0.16	−0.22	0.07	0.16	−0.30	0.17	1.00
NH₄⁺	−0.41	−0.07	0.11	−0.04	0.09	0.21	−0.06	0.13	1.00
Fe²⁺	−0.06	0.13	0.45	0.36	0.46	0.40	0.25	0.04	0.08	1.00
Mn²⁺	−0.02	0.10	−0.20	0.79	0.38	0.18	0.35	0.32	−0.10	0.38	1.00
Cl⁻	−0.31	−0.18	0.32	0.37	0.65	0.48	0.20	−0.05	0.17	0.34	0.46	1.00
SO₄²⁻	−0.06	−0.08	0.50	0.03	0.54	0.61	0.39	0.02	0.08	0.46	0.24	0.44	1.00
HCO₃⁻	0.04	−0.30	0.42	0.48	0.61	0.58	0.62	0.10	−0.01	0.42	0.52	0.50	0.49	1.00
NO₂⁻	0.27	−0.02	−0.25	−0.15	−0.16	−0.29	0.02	0.31	−0.07	−0.17	−0.17	−0.34	−0.21	−0.08	1.00
NO₃⁻	−0.23	−0.03	−0.03	0.08	−0.10	0.08	−0.02	−0.40	0.08	0.06	−0.11	−0.04	−0.04	−0.33	−0.11	1.00
PO₄³⁻	0.17	−0.24	0.26	0.01	0.18	0.20	0.18	−0.27	−0.06	0.20	0.14	0.37	0.18	0.32	−0.07	−0.16	1.00

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Table 5. Formula of Indices Values

Indices	Formula Values	Range	References
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)	$ SAR=\dfrac{\left[{Na}^{+}\right]}{\sqrt{\dfrac{\left[{Mg}^{2+}\right]+\left[{Ca}^{2+}\right]}{2}}} $	SAR value: <2=no harm, 2 to 12 =Low hazard, 12 to 22 = Medium hazard, 22 to 32 = High hazard	Bikundia et al. 2014; Chandra et al. 2017
Kelly's Ratio (KR)	$ KR\left(\%\right)=\dfrac{\left[\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}^+\right]}{\left[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}^{2+}\right]+\left[\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}^{2+}\right]}\times100 $	KR >1, Unsuitable for irrigation KR <1, Suitable for irrigation	Kadyampakeni et al. 2017
Sodium percentage (%Na)	$ Na\left(\%\right)=\dfrac{\left[\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}^+\right]}{\left[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}^{2+}\right]+\left[\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}^{2+}\right]+\left[\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}^+\right]+\left[\mathrm{K}^+\right]}\mathrm{\times}100 $	Excellent (<20), Good (20–40), Permissible (40–60), Doubtful (60–80), and Unsuitable (>80)	Bouderbala et al. 2017Yousuf Mia et al. 2023
Permeability Index (PI)	$ PI=\dfrac{\left[Na^+\right]+\sqrt{\left[HCO_3^-\right]}}{\left[Ca^{2+}\right]+\left[Mg^{2+}\right]+\left[Na^+\right]}\times100 $	Class I with >75%, Class II lying between 25% and 75%, and Class III with <25%	Bouderbala et al. 2017Johnbosco et al. 2021
Magnesium Absorption Ratio (MAR)	$ MAR\left(\%\right)=\dfrac{\left[\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}^{2+}\right]}{\left[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}^{2+}\right]+\left[\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}^{2+}\right]}\times100 $	MH >50% not suitable for irrigation	Adimalla et al. 2020
Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC)	$ RS BC=\left[{{HCO}_{3}}^{-}\right]-\left[{Ca}^{2+}\right] $	RSBC index values of <5 meq/L indicates water suitable for irrigation	Mallick et al. 2021
Potential Salinity (PS)	$ PS=\left[Cl^-\right]-\dfrac{1}{2}\left[SO_4^{2-}\right] $	<3 meq/L indicates water suitable for irrigation	Doneen, 1964
Stuyfzand Index	Presents the concentration of Chlorides in water	< 5 mg/L, Very Oligohaline between 5 mg/L and 30 mg/L, Oligohaline between 30 mg/L and 150 mg/L, Fresh between 150 mg/L and 300 mg/L, Fresh Saumaterbetween 300 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L, Saumaterbetween 1,000 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L, Saumate Saltedbetween 10,000 mg/L and 20,000 mg/L, Salted>20,000 mg/L, Very Salty	Coetsiers et al. 2006

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Table 6. Agricultural suitability Index for Boumerdes groundwater

Drilling	SAR(%)	KR	Na(%)	PI(%)	MAR(%)	RSBC	PS	Cl^-(mg/L)
F1	85.86	19.26	15.98	37.15	39.74	0.21	2.62	101
F2	104.31	26.61	20.75	46.4	42.84	1.71	0.54	46
F3	94.53	25.05	19.86	49.08	43.92	2.69	0.64	40
F4	109.08	27.36	21.11	46.86	19.66	0.22	1.6	85
F5	95.36	24.31	19.4	44.81	48.12	1.84	0.24	39
F6	55.51	16.87	14.26	52.76	41.02	2.69	0.3	22
F7	92.14	17.43	14.82	34.2	40.02	1.71	3.77	184
F8	73.09	26.7	20.63	57.85	30.74	0.45	0.96	49
F9	128.74	23.82	19.17	36.04	37.16	0.06	1.1	22
F10	110.64	23.85	19.15	40.61	44.35	2.11	3.11	141
F11	89.43	21.38	17.32	41.05	17.87	−0.99	1.06	60
F12	115.53	30.08	22.76	49.68	13.39	0.1	0.83	50
F13	70.11	18.22	15.33	40.59	24.46	−0.74	1.18	68
F14	75.84	20.04	16.59	42.82	27.56	−0.14	0.77	60
F15	83.77	18.76	15.59	39.56	23.93	0.33	2.58	125
F16	71.69	16.88	14.3	40.77	29.19	1.32	1.64	86
F17	100.51	19.35	16.09	37.1	37.83	2.91	3.69	173
F18	50.76	8.23	7.57	22.44	47.56	−0.64	2.21	139
F19	105.52	24.15	19.37	43.6	16.37	0.21	2.77	102
F20	68.75	16.98	14.44	37.48	22.08	−1.54	1.81	94
F21	92.24	16.58	14.12	31.74	41.98	1.01	0.42	129
F22	59.98	11.18	9.97	26.85	25.14	−3.55	3.82	158
F23	113.12	28.84	22.04	50.18	11.77	0.8	0.89	49
F24	78.48	19.14	15.98	43.55	43.04	2.8	1.09	52
F25	69.31	16.24	13.91	41.82	60.54	5.09	1.55	68
F26	81.5	19.09	15.84	40.29	34.3	0.94	2.18	108
F27	96.76	19.22	16.03	34.78	37	−0.04	2.97	149
F28	100.35	25.16	20.05	43.65	37.25	0.5	1.57	73
F29	75.39	17.66	14.9	37.47	34.3	−0.19	0.43	38
F30	48.93	10.19	9.23	27.98	30.7	−2.33	3.23	157
F31	88.74	17.75	15.02	30.87	55.29	−0.18	2.22	115

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[3]	Yan-pei Cheng, Fa-wang Zhang, Hua Dong, Xue-ru Wen2024: Groundwater and environmental challenges in Asia, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 12, 223-236. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280017
[4]	Mei-hui Zhang, Shi-yang Zhou, Dan-dan Liu, Ying Zhang, Yu-xi Zhang, Xi Chen, Hui-wei Wang, Bei Li, Wei Kang, Bing Yi, Wan-peng Shi2024: Characteristics and genesis of groundwater salinization in coastal areas of the Lower Reaches of Oujiang Basin, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 12, 190-204. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280015
[5]	Benadela Laouni, Bekkoussa Belkacem, Gaidi Laouni2022: Multivariate analysis and geochemical investigations of groundwater in a semi-arid region, case of superficial aquifer in Ghriss Basin, Northwest Algeria, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 10, 233-249. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.03.003
[6]	Tanzeel Khan, Muhammad Akhtar Malik, Gohram Malghani, Rabia Akhtar2022: Comparative analysis of bacterial contamination in tap and groundwater: A case study on water quality of Quetta City, an arid zone in Pakistan, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 10, 153-165. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.02.005
[7]	Cherif Kessar, Yamina Benkesmia, Bilal Blissag, Lahsen Wahib Kébir2021: Delineation of groundwater potential zones in Wadi Saida Watershed of NW-Algeria using remote sensing, geographic information system-based AHP techniques and geostatistical analysis, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 9, 45-64. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.01.005
[8]	KHELFAOUI Hakim, DAJBRI Larbi, LAKHAL Fatima Zohra, CHAFFAI Hicham, HANI Azzedine, SAYAD Lamine2020: Determination of the origin of mineralization and groundwater salinity in the Adrar region in the southwest of Algeria, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 158-171. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.02.007
[9]	Negar Fathi, Mohammad Bagher Rahnama, Mohammad Zounemat Kermani2020: Spatial analysis of groundwater quality for drinking purpose in Sirjan Plain, Iran by fuzzy logic in GIS, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 67-78. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.01.007
[10]	Ahmed Mohammad Tofayal, Monir Minhaj Uddin, Hasan Md Yeasir, Rahman Md Mominur, Rifat Md Shamiul Islam, Islam Md Naim, Khan Abu Shamim, Rahman Md Mizanur, Islam Md Shajidul2020: Hydro-geochemical evaluation of groundwater with studies on water quality index and suitability for drinking in Sagardari, Jashore, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 259-273. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.03.006
[11]	Bahrami Mehdi, Khaksar Elmira, Khaksar Elahe2020: Spatial variation assessment of groundwater quality using multivariate statistical analysis(Case Study: Fasa Plain, Iran), Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 230-243. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.03.004
[12]	HU Zun-fang, KANG Feng-xin, ZOU An-de, YU Lin-song, LI Yang, TIAN Tong-liang, KANG Gui-ling2019: Evolution trend of the water quality in Dongping Lake after South-North Water Transfer Project in China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 7, 333-339. doi: DOI: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2019.04.004
[13]	T K G P Ranasinghe, R U K Piyadasa2019: Visualizing the spatial water quality of Bentota, Sri Lanka in the presence of seawater intrusion, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 7, 340-353. doi: DOI: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2019.04.005
[14]	LI Wen-yon, FU Li, ZHU Zheng-feng2019: Numerical simulation and land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering of Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 7, 133-144. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2019.02.004
[15]	WU Ting-wen, WANG Li-huan, WANG Lin-shu, KONG Qing-xuan2018: Evaluation of groundwater quality and pollution in Daqing Oilfield, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 6, 40-48. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2018.01.005
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