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Development, hotspots and trend directions of groundwater numerical simulation: A bibliometric and visualization analysis
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Abstract: Groundwater is a vital component of the hydrological cycle and essential for the sustainable development of ecosystems. Numerical simulation methods are key tools for addressing scientific challenges in groundwater research. This study uses bibliometric visualization analysis to examine the progress and trends in groundwater numerical simulation methods. By analyzing literature indexed in the Web of Science database from January 1990 to February 2023, and employing tools such as Citespace and VOSviewer, we assessed publication volume, research institutions and their collaborations, prolific scholars, keyword clustering, and emerging trends. The findings indicate an overall upward trend in both the number of publications and citations concerning groundwater numerical simulations. Since 2010, the number of publications has tripled compared to the total before 2010, underscoring the increasing significance and potential of numerical simulation methods in groundwater science. China, in particular, has shown remarkable growth in this field over the past decade, surpassing the United States, Canada, and Germany. This progress is closely linked to strong national support and active participation from research institutions, especially the contributions from teams at Hohai University, China University of Geosciences, and the University of Science and Technology of China. Collaboration between research teams is primarily seen between China and the United States, with less noticeable cooperation among other countries, resulting in a diverse and dispersed development pattern. Keyword analysis highlights that international research hotspots include groundwater recharge, karst water, geothermal water migration, seawater intrusion, variable density flow, contaminant and solute transport, pollution remediation, and land subsidence. Looking ahead, groundwater numerical simulations are expected to play a more prominent role in areas such as climate change, surface water-groundwater interactions, the impact of groundwater nitrates on the environment and health, submarine groundwater discharge, ecological water use, groundwater management, and risk prevention.
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Figure 3. Institutional cooperation network for research on groundwater numerical simulation
Table 1. Annual publication volume statistics from 1990 to 2023
Year Number Year Number Year Number Year Number 1990 2 1999 47 2008 102 2017 200 1991 14 2000 57 2009 108 2018 271 1992 15 2001 46 2010 102 2019 331 1993 18 2002 42 2011 128 2020 352 1994 20 2003 62 2012 138 2021 368 1995 21 2004 65 2013 173 2022 410 1996 20 2005 59 2014 185 2023 450 1997 36 2006 95 2015 191 1998 55 2007 105 2016 212 
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Table 2. Top 10 countries by publication volume in the WOS Database (1990–2023)
Country Documents Total link strength China 1,478 498 USA 1,167 619 Canada 392 248 Germany 383 283 Australia 247 246 France 210 156 Italy 207 121 Japan 154 73 Iran 132 83 Switzerland 128 139
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Table 3. Top 10 research institutions by publication volume in the WOS Database (1990–2023)
Research Institution Publications Citations Total link strength Hohai University 168 2,102 64 China University Geoscience 137 2,407 44 Chinese Acadamy Science 114 1,536 79 US geology survey 106 4,636 26 China University of Mining & Technology 97 1,771 13 Jilin University 96 1,221 18 Flinders University Australia 81 2,797 36 University Waterloo 76 2,501 21 Nanjing University 56 849 29 Univercity California Berkeley 56 3,041 19
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Table 4. Top ten researchers by publication count in the WOS database (1990–2023)
Author Publications Citations Total link
strengthLu chunhui 35 1,447 55 Li ling 32 757 61 Wu jichun 29 468 29 Simmons craig t. 28 1,613 32 Werner adrian d. 28 1,429 31 Lu wenxi 27 369 10 Li hailong 25 585 30 Xin pei 24 678 44 Datta bithin 22 647 0 Walther marc 21 359 34
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Table 5. Statistics of international publishing institutions, authors and journals of published articles in the field in Web of Science database
Source Publications Citations Hydrogeology Journal 389 7,979 Water Resources Research 354 14,351 Journal of Hydrology 344 9,695 Water 168 1,001 Environmental Earth Sciences 145 2,170 Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 137 4,441 Advances in Water Resources 136 5,005 Science of the Total Environment 53 942 Engineering geology 52 2,130 Transport in Porous Media 50 1,202 Hydrological Processes 48 1,033 Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 48 1,170
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Table 6. High frequency keywords in WOS database (1990–2023)
Rank Keyword Occurrences Rank Keyword Occurrences 1 Numerical modeling 990 26 Groundwater modeling 41 2 Numerical simulation 598 27 Contamination 40 3 Groundwater 390 28 Karst 38 4 Groundwater flow 186 29 Reactive transport 36 5 Coastal aquifer 111 30 Feflow 35 6 Seawater intrusion 108 31 Hydrogeology 35 7 Modeling 101 32 Unsaturated zone 35 8 Solute transport 99 33 Conceptual models 34 9 Groundwater management 84 34 Laboratory experiments 34 10 Modflow 80 35 Vadose zone 33 11 Heterogeneity 78 36 Artificial recharge 32 12 Groundwater recharge 68 37 Subsidence 31 13 Saltwater intrusion 66 38 Groundwater level 30 14 Analytical solution 62 39 Groundwater/surface-water relations 30 15 Porous media 61 40 Uncertainty 30 16 USA 54 41 Aquifer 29 17 Hydraulic conductivity 53 42 Permeability 29 18 Contaminant transport 52 43 Remediation 29 19 Climate change 50 44 Simulation 27 20 Fractured rocks 50 45 Surrogate model 27 21 Land subsidence 47 46 Transport 27 22 Sensitivity analysis 47 47 Dispersion 26 23 Groundwater contamination 46 48 Optimization 25 24 Submarine groundwater discharge 46 49 Recharge 25 25 China 41 50 Seepage 25
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