Man Li; Wei Zhang; Yu-zhong Liao; Feng Liu; Long Li

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2025.9280044

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2025.9280044

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- 收稿日期: 2024-05-08
- 录用日期: 2024-09-30
- 网络出版日期: 2024-11-29

Evaluation of the scaling and corrosion in Tai'an geothermal water

Man Li^{1, 2},
Wei Zhang^{1, 2
, ,},
Yu-zhong Liao^{1, 2},
Feng Liu^{1, 2},
Long Li^{1, 2}

1.
The Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2.
Technology Innovation Center for Geothermal & Hot Dry Rock Exploration and Development, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang 050061, China

More Information

Corresponding author: 18879003@qq.com

摘要

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Abstract: Tai'an city, located in Shandong Province, is rich in geothermal resources, characterized by shallow burial, high water temperature, and abundant water supply, making them high value for exploitation. However, corrosion and scaling are main challenges that hinder the widespread application and effective utilization of geothermal energy. This study focuses on the typical geothermal fields in Tai'an, employing qualitative evaluations of the geochemical saturation index with temperature, combined with the corrosion coefficient, Ryznar index, boiler scale, and hard scale assessment, to predict corrosion and scaling trends in the geothermal water of the study area. The results show that the hydrochemical types of geothermal water in the study area are predominantly Na-Ca-SO₄ and Ca-Na-SO₄-HCO₃, with the water being weakly alkaline. Simulations of saturation index changes with temperature reveal that calcium carbonate scaling is dominant scaling type in the area, with no evidence of calcium sulfate scaling. In the Daiyue Qiaogou geothermal field, the water exhibited corrosive bubble water properties, moderate calcium carbonate scaling, and abundant boiler scaling. Feicheng Anjiazhuang geothermal field showed non-corrosive bubble water, moderate calcium carbonate scaling, and significant boiler scaling. The Daidao'an geothermal field presented corrosive semi-bubble water, moderate calcium carbonate scaling, and abundant boiler scaling. The findings provide a foundation for the efficient exploitation of geothermal resources in the region. Implementing anti-corrosion and scale prevention measures can significantly enhance the utilization of geothermal energy.
- Geothermal /
- Tai'an /
- Scaling /
- Corrosion /
- Central Shandong Uplift Area

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Figure 1. Distribution of geothermal resources and sampling point (a) and the conceptual model of geothermal system (b) in Tai'an

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Figure 2. Piper diagram of water sample in Tai'an

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Figure 3. Schoeller diagram of water sample in Tai'an

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Figure 4. Major ions percentage of the water samples in Tai'an represented by bar graph

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Figure 5. Plot of the ratio relationships between Cl⁻ and r Na⁺/rCl⁻ and rNa⁺/r(Na⁺+Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺) in the samples

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Figure 6. Relationship between CAI1 and CAI2 in geothermal water samples

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Figure 7. Comparison of ion concentration in geothermal water (Ca²⁺–HCO₃⁻, [Mg²⁺]/[Ca²⁺]–[Na⁺]/[Ca²⁺])

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Figure 8. Comparison of ion concentration in geothermal water ((Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)–(HCO₃⁻ + SO₄²⁻), Ca²⁺–SO₄²⁻)

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Figure 9. The figure of geothermal water minerals saturation index

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Figure 10. The relationship between minerals saturation index and temperature

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Figure 11. RI and R.S values for different fluids in the study area

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Table 1. Statistics of chemical components of geothermal water in Tai'an

Descriptive statitics	pH	T(°C)	Ion index content (mg/L)
Descriptive statitics	pH	T(°C)	TDS	H₂SiO₃	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Li⁺	Sr²⁺	Cl⁻	SO₄²⁻	HCO₃⁻	NO₃⁻	F⁻	Mn	Ba
Minimum value	7.13	25.00	455.00	18.20	2.27	45.70	72.95	6.13	0.03	0.65	26.57	156.50	80.36	0.00	0.51	0	0
Maximum value	8.10	69.00	2,240.64	65.77	17.75	450.00	218.84	30.63	0.52	7.00	309.79	1,052.72	194.36	25.56	4.0	0.12	0.077
Mean value	7.78	44.00	1,029.76	43.74	7.49	174.76	113.42	13.79	0.18	3.57	110.99	447.56	132.36	9.71	2.164	0.057	0.072
Median	8.10	41.00	836.04	42.41	5.70	154.10	85.29	8.04	0.11	2.86	60.67	292.58	119.10	9.38	1.86	0.05	0.072

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Table 2. Correlation coefficient of geothermal water in Tai'an

	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl⁻	SO₄²⁻	HCO₃⁻	TDS	pH
K⁺	1
Na⁺	0.992^**	1
Ca²⁺	0.928^*	0.950^*	1
Mg²⁺	0.051	−0.016	0.15	1
Cl⁻	0.992^**	0.980^**	0.940^*	0.129	1
SO4²⁻	0.946^*	0.971^**	0.988^**	0.054	0.938^*	1
HCO3⁻	−0.287	−0.402	−0.458	0.611	−0.248	−0.499	1
TDS	0.982^**	0.988^**	0.981^**	0.115	0.982^**	0.986^**	−0.37	1
pH	0.559	0.464	0.349	0.521	0.547	0.371	0.56	0.48	1
Notes: ^*: Significant correlation at the 0.01 level (two-tailed); ^ : Significant correlation at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).

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Table 3. Evaluation results of water samples in Tai'an

Classification	Numbering	Location	Water temperature	pH	Corrosion evaluation (K_k)			Evaluation of calcium carbonate scaling (RI)
Classification	Numbering	Location	Water temperature	pH	K_k	K_k+0.0503Ca²⁺	Judgement	Calculated result	Evaluation result
Geothermal water	TADR-A002	Xingyuan, Nanmatao Village, Tai 'an City	25	7.13	−0.64	−0.27	Non-corrosive water	6.84	Slight scaling
	TADR-A003	North of Shila Village, Tai 'an City	30	7.45	−0.14	0.43	Semi-corrosive water	6.61	Slight scaling
	TADR-004	Qiaogou Wuyue Wenquan, Daiyue District, Tai'an City	69	8.10	−1.66	−1.28	Non-corrosive water	5.67	Moderate Scaling
	TADR-005	East of Dongzhaocun Villiage, Feicheng, Anjiazhuang, Tai 'an City	52	7.90	1.06	\	Corrosive water	5.71	Moderate Scaling
	TADR-006	Wenquan Road, Taishan District, Tai'an City	\	8.05	1.85	\	Corrosive water	5.42	Moderate Scaling
Cold groundwater	TADW-A001	Nanmatao Village, Tai'an City	18	6.74	0.77	\	Corrosive water	7.68	Non-scaling
Cold groundwater	TADW-A002	Foyu Village, Taohuayu Town, Tai'an City	20	7.21	−1.53	−1.09	Non-corrosive water	5.88	Moderate scaling

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Classification	Numbering	Location	Evaluation of calcium sulfate scaling (R.S)		Evaluation of total amount of boiler scale (H₀)		Evaluation of hard fouling		Foaming evaluation
Classification	Numbering	Location	Calculated result	Evaluation result	Calculated result	Evaluation result	Calculated result	Evaluation result	Calculated result	Evaluation result
Geothermal water	TADR-A002	Xingyuan, Nanmatao Village, Tai 'an City	0.006	Non-scaling	279.21	Abundant scaling	1.55	Hard sediment.	128.06	Semi-foaming
	TADR-A003	North of Shila Village, Tai 'an City	0.030	Non-scaling	380.27	Abundant scaling	2.98	Hard sediment.	427.10	Foaming
	TADR-004	Qiaogou Wuyue Wenquan, Daiyue District, Tai'an City	0.012	Non-scaling	256.66	Abundant scaling	9.02	Hard sediment.	460.82	Foaming
	TADR-005	East of Dongzhaocun Villiage, Feicheng, Anjiazhuang, Tai 'an City	0.111	Non-scaling	724.26	Significant scaling.	10.58	Hard sediment.	1249.65	Foaming
	TADR-006	Wenquan Road, Taishan District, Tai'an City	0.011	Non-scaling	316.99	Abundant scaling	5.27	Hard sediment.	167.13	Semi-foaming
Cold groundwater	TADW-A001	Nanmatao Village, Tai'an City	0.003	Non-scaling	215.09	A little scaling	1.33	Hard sediment.	63.72	Semi-foaming
Cold groundwater	TADW-A002	Foyu Village, Taohuayu Town, Tai'an City	0.005	Non-scaling	319.99	Abundant scaling	1.10	Hard sediment.	85.12	Semi-foaming

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