Characteristics and genesis of groundwater salinization in coastal areas of the Lower Reaches of Oujiang Basin

Mei-hui Zhang; Shi-yang Zhou; Dan-dan Liu; Ying Zhang; Yu-xi Zhang; Xi Chen; Hui-wei Wang; Bei Li; Wei Kang; Bing Yi; Wan-peng Shi

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280015

Volume 12 Issue 2

Jun. 2024

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering > 2024 > 12(2): 190-204

Zhang MH, Zhou SY, Liu DD, et al. 2024. Characteristics and genesis of groundwater salinization in coastal areas of the Lower Reaches of Oujiang Basin. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 12(2): 190-204 doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280015

Citation:

PDF( 2972 KB)

Characteristics and genesis of groundwater salinization in coastal areas of the Lower Reaches of Oujiang Basin

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280015

Mei-hui Zhang^{1, 2, 3},
Shi-yang Zhou⁴,
Dan-dan Liu^{5
,
,},
Ying Zhang^{1, 2},
Yu-xi Zhang^{1, 2},
Xi Chen^{1, 2},
Hui-wei Wang^{1, 2},
Bei Li^{1, 2},
Wei Kang^{1, 2},
Bing Yi^{1, 2, 3},
Wan-peng Shi⁶

1.
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
2.
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco–Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, Fujian , China
3.
China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
4.
Changsha Center of Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey, China Geological Survey, Changsha 410600, China
5.
Hydrogeological Environmental Geological Survey Center of China Geological Survey, Tianjin 071501, China
6.
China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

More Information

Corresponding author: liudandan@mail.cgs.gov
Received Date: 2023-10-19
Accepted Date: 2024-04-26

Available Online: 2024-06-10

Publish Date: 2024-06-30

Abstract

Abstract

The coastal areas of the lower reaches of Oujiang River Basin are rich in groundwater resources. However, the unsustainable exploitation and utilization of groundwater have led to significant changes in the groundwater environment. Understanding the characteristics and genesis of groundwater salinization is crucial for preventing its deterioration and ensuring sustainable utilization. In this study, a comprehensive approach combining the ion ratio method, mineral saturation index method and multivariate statistical analysis was employed to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics and main controlling factors in the study area. The findings reveal that: (1) Groundwater samples in study area exhibit a neutral to slightly alkaline pH. The predominant chemical types of unconfined water are HCO₃-Ca·Na, HCO₃·Cl-Na·Ca and HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Na, while confined water mainly exhibits Cl·HCO₃-Na and Cl-Na types. (2) Salinity coefficients indicate an increase in salinity from unconfined to confined water. TDS, Na⁺ and Cl^– concentrations show an increasing trend from mountainous to coastal areas in unconfined water, while confined water displays variability in TDS, Na⁺ and Cl^– concentrations. (3) Groundwater salinity is mainly influenced by water-rock interactions, including the dissolution of halite and gypsum, cation exchange, and seawater intrusion etc. Additionally, human activities and carbonate dissolution contribute to salinity in unconfined water. Seawater intrusion is identified as the primary factor leading to higher salinity in confined water compared to unconfined water, with increasing cation exchange and seawater interaction observed from unconfined to confined water.
- Hydrochemical,
- Multivariate statistical analysis,
- Seawater intrusion

FullText(HTML)

References(36)

References

Alhassan HI, Muntasir AS, Wesam M. 2018. Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in Balad district, Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 6(4): 306−322 DOI: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2018.04.006.

Bahir M, Ouhamdouch S. 2020. Groundwater quality in semi-arid environments (Essaouira Basin, Morocco). Carbonates Evaporites, 35: 1−16. DOI: 10.1007/s13146-020-00576-7.

Dang XZ. 2022. The formation and evolution mechanism of saline groundwater since Hlocene in Luanhe River Delta, China. Ph. D. thesis. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Wuhan: 2−3. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.27492/d.cnki.gzdzu.2022.000142.

Divya P, Padmaja P, Debjani C. 2024. Groundwater quality evaluation of Narmada district, Gujarat using principal component analysis. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 24: 101050. DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2023.101050.

Ez-Zaouy Y, Bouchaou L, Saad A, et al. 2022. Morocco's coastal aquifers: Recent observations, evolution and perspectives towards sustainabilit. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 293: 118498. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118498.

Gang S, Jia T, Deng Y, et al. 2023. Hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanism of groundwater in Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China. Water, 15 (1348): 1348. DOI: 10.3390/w15071348

Gibbs RJ. 1970. Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science (New York, NY), 170 (3962): 1088−1090. DOI: 10.1126/science.170.3962.1088.

Huang WW, Jiang CL, Chen X. 2020. Chemical characteristics and genesis of deep groundwater in the Xinji mining area. Earth and Environment, 48(4): 432−442. DOI: 10.14050/j.cnki.1672-9250.2020.48.075.

Jabed MA, Paul A, Nath TK. 2018. Peoples' perception of the water salinity impacts on human health: A case study in south-eastern coastal region of Bangladesh. Exposure and Health, 12(1): 41−50. DOI: 10.1007/s12403-018-0283-0.

Jia HY, Chu M. 2007. Present situation and countermeasures of groundwater exploitation and utilization in Wenzhou city. Zhejiang Hydrotechnics, 2007, 35(5): 65−69 (in Chinese) DOI: 10.13641/j.cnki.33-1162/tv.2007.05.028.

Kazakis N, Pavlou A, Vargemezis G, et al. 2016. Seawater intrusion mapping using electrical resistivity tomography and hydrochemical data. An application in the coastal area of eastern Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. Science of the Total Environment, 543: 373−387. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.041.

Larsen F, Tran LV, Van H, et al. 2017. Groundwater salinity influenced by Holocene seawater trapped in incised valleys in the Red River delta Plain. Nature Geoscience, 10: 376−381. DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2938.

Leybourne M, Goodfellow WD, View C. 2008. Br/Cl ratios and O, H, C, and B isotopic constraints on the origin of saline waters from eastern Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71(9): 2209−2223. DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.011.

Li W, Liu J. 2023. Contamination, sources and leval of heavy metals in the sediments of Oujiang River. Journal of Xinyang Normal University, 36(2): 274−279. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/J.issn.1003-0972.2023.02.019.

Liu JT. 2020. Hydrochemical evolution mechanism and optimization of monitoring network for groundwater in Pearl River Delta, China. Ph. D. thesis. Xi'an: Northwest University: 100. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.27405/d.cnki.gxbdu.2020.002275.

Liu Y, Jiao JJ, Liang W, et al. 2017. Hydrogeochemical characteristics in coastal groundwater mixing zone. Applied Geochemistry, 85 (Part A): 49−60. DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.09.002.

Lou MF. 2015. The preliminary study of land subsidence in Yongqiang plain Wenzhou city Zhejiang Province. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 26(3): 133−139. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.2015.03.24.

Pan LS. 2020. Evaluation of groundwater quality. Metallurgical management, (1): 154, 24. (in Chinese)

Panneerselvam B, Paramasivam SK, Karuppannan S, et al. 2020. A GIS-based evaluation of hydrochemical characterisation of groundwater in hard rock region, South Tamil Nadu, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13 (17): 1−22. DOI: 10.1007/s12517-020-05813-w

Sheng D, Meng X, Wen X, et al. 2023. Hydrochemical characteristics, quality and health risk assessment of nitrate enriched coastal groundwater in northern China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 403: 136872. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136872.

Subba Rao N, Dinakar A, Sun L. 2022. Estimation of groundwater pollution levels and specific ionic sources in the groundwater, using a comprehensive approach of geochemical ratios, pollution index of groundwater, unmix model and land use/land cover – A case study. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 248: 103990. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.10399.

Sui Y. 2022. Hydrochemical characteristics and genetic analysis of karst water in Tai'an City, Shandong Province. International Core Journal of Engineering, 8(4): 816−828. DOI: 10.6919/icje.202204_8(4).0097.

Sun L. 1980. A regional hydrogeological survey report of 1: 200,000 scale for H-51-31 Wenzhou and H-51-32 Huangyan maps in Zhejiang Province. Zhejiang Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 47. (in Chinese)

Sun Q, Gao M, Wen Z, et al. 2023. Hydrochemical evolution processes of multiple-water quality interfaces (fresh/saline water, saline water/brine) on muddy coast under pumping conditions. Science of the Total Environment, 857: 159297. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159297.

Thilagavathi R, Chidambaram S, Ganesh N, et al. 2021. Geochemical variations due to salinization in groundwater along the southeast coast of India. SN Applied Sciences. 3(5): 1−15. DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04551-2

Trabelsi R, Zouari K. 2019. Coupled geochemical modeling and multivariate statistical analysis approach for the assessment of groundwater quality in irrigated areas: A study from North Eastern of Tunisia. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 8: 413−427 DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2019.01.00.

Troudi N, Hamzaoui-Azaza F, Tzoraki O, et al. 2020. Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purpose with special emphasis on salinity and nitrate contamination in the shallow aquifer of Guenniche (Northern Tunisia). Environmental monitoring and assessment, 192 (10): 641. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08584-9.

Wang S, Chen J, Zhang SX, et al. 2023. Hydrochemical evolution characteristics, controlling factors, and high nitrate hazards of shallow groundwater in a typical agricultural area of Nansi Lake Basin, North China. Environmental Research. 223: 115430. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115430.

Wang XY. 2019. Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in Heihe River Basin, Shaanxi, China. Journal of Desert Research, 39(4): 168−176. DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2019.00028.

Xiao J, Jin Z. D, Wang J, et al. 2015. Hydrochemical characteristics, controlling factors and solute sources of groundwater within the Tarim River Basin in the extreme arid region, NW Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary International, 380-381: 237−246. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.021.

Yang Z, Hu L, Ma H, et al. 2023. Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and their significance in arid inland hydrology. Water, 15 (1641): 1641. DOI: 10.3390/w15091641.

Zamrsky D, Karssenberg ME, Cohen KM, et al. 2020. Geological heterogeneity of coastal unconsolidated groundwater systems worldwide and its influence on offshore fresh groundwater occurrence. Frontiers Earth Science, 7: 1−23. DOI: 10.3389/feart.2019.00339.

Zhai Z, Zhang C, Tang T, et al. 2022. Hydrochemical characteristics and genetic analysis of shallow high-fluorine groundwater in Fuyang River Basin. Geofluids, 2022: 9682371. DOI: 10.1155/2022/9682371.

Zhang B, Song XF, Han DM, et al. 2013. Seawater intrusion degree evaluation based on mathematical statistics and fuzzy mathematics in Qinhuangdao Yangdai River Plain. Scientia Geographica Sinca, 33(3): 342−348. DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2013.03.001.

Zhang Y, Fu CC, Mao L, et al. 2017. Hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanism of the grounwater in YanChe, Jiangsu Province. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 26(4): 598−605. DOI: 10.11870/cjlyzyyhj201704013.

Zhu XX. 2009. Environmental geological survey and evaluation report of Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province. Zhejiang provincial geological environment monitoring station, 30−31. (in Chinese)

2305-7068/© Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering Editorial Office. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)

Relative Articles

[1]	Mi Tang, Jun Lv, Shi Yu, Yan Liu, Shao-hong You, Ping-ping Jiang, 2024: Application of hydrochemistry and strontium isotope for understanding the hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of strontium-rich groundwater in karst area, Gongcheng County, Southwest China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 12, 264-280. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280020
[2]	Hui-Meng Su, Fa-Wang Zhang, Jing-Yu Hu, Jin-Feng Lei, Wei Zuo, Bo Yang, Yu-Hua Liu, 2024: Identified the hydrochemical and the sulfur cycle process in subsidence area of Pingyu mining area using multi-isotopes combined with hydrochemistry methods, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 12, 62-77. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280006
[3]	Tian-lun Zhai, Qian-qian Zhang, Long Wang, Hui-wei Wang, 2024: Temporal and spatial variations hydrochemical components and driving factors in Baiyangdian Lake in the Northern Plain of China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 12, 293-308. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280022
[4]	Allia Zineb, Lalaoui Meriem, 2024: Formation mechanism of hydrochemical and quality evaluation of shallow groundwater in the Upper Kebir sub-basin, Northeast Algeria, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 12, 78-91. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280007
[5]	Laouni Benadela, Belkacem Bekkoussa, Laouni Gaidi, 2022: Multivariate analysis and geochemical investigations of groundwater in a semi-arid region, case of superficial aquifer in Ghriss Basin, Northwest Algeria, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 10, 233-249. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.03.003
[6]	Abdelhakim LAHJOUJ, Abdellah EL HMAIDI, Karima BOUHAFA, 2020: Spatial and statistical assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater: Case of Sais Basin, Morocco, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 143-157. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.02.006
[7]	Mehmood Qaisar, Arshad Muhammad, Rizwan Muhammad, Hamid Shanawar, Mehmood Waqas, Ansir Muneer Muhammad, Irfan Muhammad, Anjum Lubna, 2020: Integration of geoelectric and hydrochemical approaches for delineation of groundwater potential zones in alluvial aquifer, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 366-380. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.04.007
[8]	Mehdi Bahrami, Elmira Khaksar, Elahe Khaksar, 2020: Spatial variation assessment of groundwater quality using multivariate statistical analysis(Case Study: Fasa Plain, Iran), Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 230-243. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.03.004
[9]	ZHONG Hua-ping, WU Yong-xiang, 2020: State of seawater intrusion and its adaptive management countermeasures in Longkou City of China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 30-42. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.01.004
[10]	MENG Yong-hui, WANG Ji-ning, YU De-Jie, ZHANG Li-xia, FENG Zai-min, YAN Tang, ZHOU Yong, 2019: Effect of saltwater intrusion on groundwater environment in Weihe River downstream, Shandong Province, China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 7, 245-252. doi: DOI: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2019.03.005
[11]	T K G P Ranasinghe, R U K Piyadasa, 2019: Visualizing the spatial water quality of Bentota, Sri Lanka in the presence of seawater intrusion, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 7, 340-353. doi: DOI: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2019.04.005
[12]	Alhassan H Ismai, Muntasir A Shareef, Wesam Mahmood, 2018: Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in Balad district, Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 6, 306-322. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2018.04.006
[13]	ZHANG Yu-qin, WANG Guang-wei, WANG Shi-qin, YUAN Rui-qiang, TANG Chang-yuan, SONG Xian-fang, 2018: Hydrochemical characteristics and geochemistry evolution of groundwater in the plain area of the Lake Baiyangdian watershed, North China Plain, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 6, 220-233. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2018.03.007
[14]	LI Xiao-hang, WANG Rui, LI Jian-feng, 2018: Study on hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanism of shallow groundwater in eastern Songnen Plain, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 6, 161-170. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2018.03.001
[15]	SONG Chao, HAN Gui-lin, WANG Pan, SHI Ying-chun, HE Ze, 2017: Hydrochemical and isotope characteristics of spring water discharging from Qiushe Loess Section in Lingtai, northwestern China and their implication to groundwater recharge, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5, 364-373.
[16]	JIANG Ti-sheng, QU Ci-xiao, WANG Ming-yu, SUN Yan-wei, HU Bo, CHU Jun-yao, 2017: Analysis on temporal and spatial variations of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics in the past decade in southern plain of Beijing, China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5, 235-248.
[17]	TIAN Xia, FEI Yu-hong, ZHANG Zhao-ji, LI Ya-song, DUN Yu, GUO Chun-yan, 2017: Analysis on hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in strongly exploited area in Hutuo River Plain, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5, 130-139.
[18]	LIU Hong-wei, Klaus Hisby, ZHOU Yang-xiao, MA Zhen, CHEN She-ming, GUO Xu, 2016: Features and evaluation of sea/saltwater intrusion in southern Laizhou Bay, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 141-148.
[19]	WANG Ji-ning, MENG Yong-hui, 2016: Characteristics analysis and model prediction of sea-salt water intrusion in lower reaches of the Weihe River, Shandong Province, China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 149-156.
[20]	LIU Jun, CHENG Jian-mei, JIANG Fang-yuan, 2015: Methodological study of coastal geological hazard assessment based on GIS, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 77-85.