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Hydro-geochemistry of groundwater and surface water in Dschang town (West Cameroon): Alkali and alkaline-earth elements ascertain lithological and anthropogenic constraints

Yemeli Elida Joelle Temgoua Emile Kengni Lucas Ambrosi Jean-Paul Momo-nouazi Mathieu Silatsa-Tedou Francis Brice Wamba Franck Robean Tchakam-Kamtchueng Brice

Joelle YE, Emile T, Lucas K, et al. 2021. Hydro-geochemistry of groundwater and surface water in Dschang town (West Cameroon): Alkali and alkaline-earth elements ascertain lithological and anthropogenic constraints. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 9(3): 212-224 doi:  10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.03.004
Citation: Joelle YE, Emile T, Lucas K, et al. 2021. Hydro-geochemistry of groundwater and surface water in Dschang town (West Cameroon): Alkali and alkaline-earth elements ascertain lithological and anthropogenic constraints. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 9(3): 212-224 doi:  10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.03.004

doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.03.004

Hydro-geochemistry of groundwater and surface water in Dschang town (West Cameroon): Alkali and alkaline-earth elements ascertain lithological and anthropogenic constraints

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  • Figure  1.  (a) Localization of Cameroon within nearby countries; (b) Localization of Dschang town on the southern slope of Mount Bambouto

    Figure  2.  (a) Settlement and drainage pattern in Dschang. Water samples locations and distribution of anthropogenic pollution sites are shown. Vegetable garden sites are adapted from Ntangmo Tsafack et al. (2012); (b) Geology of Dschang area

    Figure  3.  Water sampling on the field. (a) Spring on densely populated area of Dschang; (b) Spring on peripheral area of Dschang; (c) Sampling kit.

    Figure  4.  Relationship scatters diagram of EC, pH, TDS and T. pH values are magnified with a 10 factor. (a) Groundwater on basalts; (b) Groundwater on ignimbrites; (c) Groundwater on granitoids; d) Rivers.

    Figure  5.  Spatial interpolated distribution maps of (a) temperature; (b) the hydrogen potential (pH); (c) electrical conductivity (EC); (d) total dissolved solids in Dschang

    Note:Dashed insert shows the area of optimal distribution of sampling points

    Figure  6.  Binary diagrams of the correlation between alkaline and alkaline earth elements and physico-chemical parameters of waters in Dschang (a) Mg vs TDS; (b) Cs vs TDS; (c) Rb vs TDS; (d) Be vs TDS; (e) Ba vs TDS; (f) Ba vs Rb. Colors represent the different lithological origins of groundwater samples, and surface water

    Figure  7.  Rb/Sr ratio relative to lithology and types of waters.

    Figure  8.  Interpolated maps of the spatial distribution of alkaline and alkaline earth elements in Dschang. Settlements and anthropogenic sources of elements distribution are superimposed for a comprehensive analysis.

    Note:Dashed insert shows the area of optimal distribution of sampling points

    Table  1.   Physico-chemical parameters and alkali and alkaline-earth element contents (µg/L) in groundwater and surface water of Dschang

    SourceCodepHT (°C)EC (µs/cm)TDS (µg/L)BeMgCsRbBaSrRb/Sr
    Granitoids S4 6.62 21.70 19.50 13.80 - 685.00 0.02 1.86 15.63 13.63 0.14
    S5 5.90 25.00 62.60 44.30 - 1 513.00 0.05 6.63 59.34 36.44 0.18
    S6 5.02 22.20 104.60 74.20 0.03 1 921.00 0.20 7.46 34.28 38.84 0.19
    S8 6.32 22.80 132.60 93.80 - 5 574.00 0.13 16.68 66.28 116.00 0.14
    S9 5.61 21.70 32.50 23.10 0.03 1 239.00 0.03 1.54 26.71 19.89 0.08
    S10 6.14 26.50 25.20 17.90 - 548.00 0.00 1.26 10.49 19.93 0.06
    S11 6.42 18.70 46.70 33.20 - 1 225.00 0.00 3.16 35.23 29.99 0.11
    S12 5.75 21.00 43.00 30.60 0.02 1 153.00 0.00 1.17 23.29 60.53 0.02
    S18 5.75 23.40 50.60 36.10 0.07 692.00 0.11 6.39 23.10 13.92 0.46
    S19 5.49 22.00 35.10 25.10 0.06 1 113.00 0.07 2.37 34.21 42.66 0.06
    S22 6.21 18.30 68.00 48.30 - 3 091.00 0.04 3.63 40.12 75.44 0.05
    S23 6.42 24.50 45.20 32.00 - 1 316.00 0.06 3.19 22.34 31.28 0.10
    S24 6.00 22.40 32.30 22.20 - 1 143.00 0.01 1.90 33.52 37.79 0.05
    S25 6.35 20.80 68.20 48.40 - 2 397.00 0.03 4.10 29.41 51.46 0.08
    Pu1 4.94 20.80 73.00 51.60 0.42 1 030.00 0.28 5.52 65.37 18.31 0.30
    Pu2 5.70 21.20 88.20 62.60 0.06 4 554.00 0.12 4.86 68.29 79.75 0.06
    Pu3 6.26 19.40 94.20 66.80 - 2 951.00 0.16 8.37 26.27 34.54 0.24
    Pu4 5.59 21.70 79.00 56.00 - 2 772.00 0.14 10.06 51.14 51.56 0.20
    Pu5 5.50 21.80 77.00 54.70 0.03 2 563.00 0.16 6.37 24.19 33.72 0.19
    Pu8 6.08 22.90 117.00 82.70 0.01 10 515.00 0.02 7.07 15.84 442.00 0.02
    Basalts S1 5.80 23.60 112.50 86.70 0.06 3 417.00 0.16 7.41 100.00 79.31 0.09
    S3 6.02 23.20 85.40 60.60 0.03 2 433.00 0.08 4.36 42.66 52.27 0.08
    S7 5.21 23.50 107.50 76.20 0.04 2 244.00 0.18 6.54 57.05 48.93 0.13
    S13 5.66 22.00 60.70 43.10 0.02 2 664.00 0.03 1.75 22.61 40.69 0.04
    S15 6.17 16.70 20.10 14.10 - 959.00 0.01 0.75 13.56 15.68 0.05
    S16 6.25 19.20 22.90 16.20 - 780.00 0.01 1.29 20.60 20.11 0.06
    S17 5.87 21.10 70.80 50.30 - 3 771.00 0.01 1.38 28.68 99.22 0.01
    S20 5.68 22.10 101.90 72.40 0.06 2 216.00 0.25 9.71 187.00 54.40 0.18
    S21 5.17 21.10 93.00 66.00 0.07 2 759.00 0.18 7.51 127.00 89.21 0.08
    Pu6 6.24 22.20 152.80 109.00 - 9 420.00 0.82 36.39 92.56 210.00 0.17
    Pu7 5.41 22.00 140.30 99.40 0.28 8 198.00 0.34 11.12 343.00 234.00 0.05
    Pu9 5.94 21.60 54.80 38.60 - 2 142.00 0.10 3.19 40.55 18.80 0.17
    Pu10 6.18 22.00 54.90 39.10 - 2 107.00 0.05 2.90 19.71 58.68 0.05
    Pu11 6.34 22.30 94.30 66.90 - 1 693.00 0.11 6.19 30.46 83.85 0.07
    Pu12 5.90 21.40 172.80 123.00 - 10 056.00 0.64 14.20 276.00 194.00 0.07
    Pu13 5.49 21.80 112.50 79.70 0.08 3 935.00 0.19 8.61 275.00 128.00 0.07
    Pu18 5.69 21.50 127.30 91.00 - 6 162.00 0.27 15.88 192.00 120.00 0.13
    Ignimbrites S2 5.29 22.20 85.20 60.20 0.02 3 010.00 0.15 4.13 119.00 84.48 0.05
    S14 5.27 22.20 78.30 55.60 0.09 2 033.00 0.08 3.66 68.92 52.69 0.07
    Pu14 4.50 21.80 105.50 74.50 1.23 3 722.00 0.29 8.93 130.00 79.00 0.11
    Pu15 5.66 22.30 61.50 43.80 0.03 1 434.00 0.22 6.38 26.35 30.32 0.21
    Pu16 4.51 21.30 111.20 78.90 2.65 3 564.00 0.33 28.02 179.00 97.24 0.29
    Pu17 4.25 22.40 148.50 105.00 2.67 4 910.00 0.74 13.95 155.00 109.00 0.13
    Streams C1 6.26 22.60 110.60 78.50 - 2 789.00 0.13 14.65 39.95 64.64 0.23
    C2 6.76 24.00 113.40 80.40 - 2 741.00 0.18 16.19 37.85 62.95 0.26
    C3 6.86 17.20 37.60 26.70 - 1 777.00 0.04 3.39 13.34 31.20 0.11
    C4 6.91 22.60 44.80 32.20 - 1 866.00 0.03 4.14 11.71 32.62 0.13
    C5 6.77 19.70 52.40 37.10 - 2 123.00 0.04 4.69 16.27 42.58 0.11
    C6 6.54 19.70 55.50 39.50 - 2 176.00 0.05 4.24 31.89 54.55 0.08
    C7 6.97 21.40 97.40 69.20 - 3 041.00 0.05 8.71 38.84 72.23 0.12
    Note: Quantification limits of elements in µg/L: LQBe=0.013; LQMg=0.043; LQCs=0.0003; LQRb=0.004; LQBa=0.005; LQSr=0.003. (-)=elements below quantification limits.
    下载: 导出CSV

    Table  2.   Descriptive statistics on physico-chemical parameters and alkali and alkaline-earth element contents in waters of Dschang (CV=Coefficient of variation).

    Springs and wellsMinMaxMeanStandard deviationCV
    pH4.256.625.730.550.10
    T (°C)16.7026.5021.821.690.08
    EC (µs/cm)19.50172.8080.6838.480.48
    TDS (µg/L)13.80123.0057.3927.500.48
    Be-2.670.190.593.13
    Mg548.0010 515.003 061.022 492.790.81
    Cs0.000.820.160.191.17
    Rb0.7536.397.166.960.97
    Ba10.49343.0075.6279.201.05
    Sr13.63442.0075.5276.741.02
    StreamsMinMaxMeanStandard deviationCV
    pH26.706.976.720.250.04
    T (°C)17.2024.0021.032.310.11
    EC (µs/cm)37.60113.4073.1032.710.45
    TDS (µg/L)26.7080.4051.9423.150.45
    Be--0.000.00-
    Mg1 777.003 041.002 359.00494.450.21
    Cs0.030.180.070.060.82
    Rb3.3916.198.005.370.67
    Ba11.7139.9527.1212.810.47
    Sr31.2072.2351.5416.280.32
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2021-02-26
  • 录用日期:  2021-06-12
  • 网络出版日期:  2021-09-24
  • 刊出日期:  2021-09-28

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