Hui Li; Zhan-tao Han; Qiang Deng; Chun-xiao Ma; Xiang-ke Kong

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280006

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2023.9280006

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-02-03
- 录用日期: 2022-11-28
- 网络出版日期: 2023-03-20
- 刊出日期: 2023-03-15

Assessing the effectiveness of nanoscale zero-valent iron particles produced by green tea for Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater remediation

Hui Li^{1, 2},
Zhan-tao Han³,
Qiang Deng⁴,
Chun-xiao Ma⁴,
Xiang-ke Kong^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
3.
Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
4.
Resource and Environmental College, Hebei Geology University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China

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Corresponding author: kongxiangke1987@163.com

摘要

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Abstract: Nanoscale zero-valent iron particles (NZVI) produced by using green tea (GT) extract as a reductant can remove Cr(VI) from water effectively, which can be utilized in groundwater remediation. In order to define the reaction mechanism and removal effect in the aquifer, in this study, GT-NZVI particles were prepared and measured by some characterization methods to define their surface performance, and then batch and one-dimensional experiments were carried out to reveal the reaction properties of GT-NZVI and Cr(VI) in groundwater. The results showed that the prepared GT-NZVI particles were regular spherical with a diameter of 10–20 nm, which could disperse in water stably. The main component of GT-NZVI was α-Fe with superficial polyphenols as a stabilizer. GT-NZVI suspension had good ability to reduce the Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in water. When the concentration of GT-NZVI was 1 g/L, the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L reached 92.8% in 1 h reaction. In column tests, GT-NZVI passed through the natural sand column successfully with an average outflow percentage of 71.2%. The simulated in-situ reaction zone (IRZ) with GT-NZVI was used to remediate Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater. The outflow concentration of Cr(VI) kept in 0.14–0.32 mg/L corresponding to the outflow rate below 0.32% within 15 days, and the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) by IRZ with GT-NZVI decreased with the increase of aquifer medium particle size, groundwater flow rate and ionic strength. Most of Cr(III) as reduzate was adsorbed or immobilized on the surface or in the lattice of GT-NZVI, which indicated effective immobilization for chromium.
- Nanoscale iron particles /
- Green tea /
- Hexavalent chromium /
- Groundwater remediation

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Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the column experimental setup

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Figure 2. The characteristic colours of FeCl₃ solution, GT extracts and GT-NZVI suspension: (a) Initial FeCl₃ solution (b) Green Tea (c) GT-NZVI suspension

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Figure 3. TEM image of GT-NZVI

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Figure 4. XRD pattern of GT-NZVI

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Figure 5. FTIR spectrum of GT-NZVI

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Figure 6. Effects of polyphenols and GT-NZVI on the removal of Cr (VI)

(a) Concentration change of Cr(VI); (b) Concentration change of Cr(III)

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Figure 7. pH and ORP changes in the reaction solution during the reaction

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Figure 8. The breakthrough curve of GT-NZVI in natural sand

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Figure 9. Breakthrough curves of Cr(Ⅵ) in sand column

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Figure 10. Eluting concentration of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in IRZ with GT-NZVI

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Figure 11. Influence of medium size (a), groundwater flow rate (b) and ionic strength (c) on Cr(VI) reduction in IRZ with GT-NZVI

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Figure 12. Cs-corrected STEM image of GT-NZVI and distribution of elements

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Table 1. Experimental conditions for column operation

Influence factors	Media size (mm)	Groundwater flow rate (m/d)	Ionic strength (Na⁺, mol/L)
Media size (mm)	0.1–0.25	0.266	0.01
	0.25–0.5
	0.5–1
Groundwater flow rate (m/d)	0.25–0.5	0.130	0.01
		0.266
		0.545
Ionic strength (Na⁺, mol/L)	0.25–0.5	0.266	0.01
			0.05
			0.10

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Table 2. GT-NZVI mass balance during the transport through natural sand in parallel tests (mg)

No.	Deposition on sand	Accumulated outflow	Total mass	Percentage of outflow (%)
1	203.41	511.79	715.20	71.6
2	208.33	501.53	709.86	70.7
3	205.22	508.16	713.38	71.2

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