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Removal of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane from groundwater using Graphene Oxide-Modified Nano Zero-Valent Iron Activated Persulfate
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Abstract: Graphene Oxide (GO), nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) and GO-modified nZVI (GO-nZVI) composite materials were prepared by the Hummer and polyphenol reduction method, respectively, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the morphology and phase composition of these materials. A series of batch experiments were then conducted to investigate the performance and influencing factors of GO-nZVI activating peroxydisulfate (SPS) for the degradation of 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP). Finally, an in-situ oxidation reaction zone was created by GO-nZVI-activated SPS in a one-dimensional simulated system to study the remediation of TCP contamination under different aquifer conditions. The results showed that the GO-nZVI composite exhibited a porous, fluffy structure, with spherical nZVI particles loaded onto the surface and folds of the GO sheets. Compared with unmodified nZVI particles, the GO-nZVI composite significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of TCP by activated SPS, achieving a removal rate of 67.2% within an hour - 78.2% higher than that of the unmodified system. The SPS dosage and the C/Fe ratio in GO-nZVI were found to significantly affect the degradation efficiency of TCP. The removal rate of TCP increased with higher SPS concentration, and a 10% carbon addition, yielded the best activation effect. The one-dimensional simulation results indicated that the removal rate of TCP ranged from 30.1% to 73.3% under different conditions. A larger medium particle size and higher concentrations of reactants (SPS and GO-nZVI) improved pollutant degradation efficiency, increasing TCP removal by 62.1%, 23.8%, and 3.7%, respectively. In contrast, a higher groundwater flow velocity was not conducive to the removal of pollutants, with the TCP removal rate decreasing by approximately 41.9%.
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Figure 1. Schematic diagram of remediation for TCP-contaminated groundwater with in-situ reaction zone
Table 1. Parameters of test water（mg/L）
pH Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ SO42− Cl− HCO3− NO3− Fe 6.5 30.50 50.20 42.17 120.45 105.30 88.27 1.53 0.04 
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Table 2. Parameters of simulated column tests
Columns Medium size /mm Velocity of groundwater
flow /m/dConcentration of SPS /g/L Concentration of GO-NZVI /g/L 1 0.5–1 0.12 35 10 2 0.1–0.25 0.12 35 10 3 0.5–1 0.25 35 10 4 0.5–1 0.12 50 10 5 0.5–1 0.12 35 20
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