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doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280101
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Previous research has lacked sufficient attention to the heat exchange performance of middle-shallow U-tube ground heat exchangers (GHEs), particularly regarding the impact of vertical lithology heterogeneity. In this study, a heat transfer model of GHEs coupling vertical lithological variations and ground temperature distribution is established, based on field test data of middle-shallow boreholes in Langfang, Hebei Province. The heat transfer characteristics of GHEs within the depth of 200–300 m and their influencing factors are analyzed. Results show that the flow velocity and wall thickness strongly affect the heat transfer of middle-shallow GHEs. Increasing the flow rate helps to enhance heat transfer, but is not conducive to improving energy efficiency of the system due to higher power consumption of circulating pumps. There is an optimal flow rate range of 2–3 m3/h for PE-RT GHEs. Furthermore, reducing the wall thickness from 8 mm to 3 mm can significantly improve the heat transfer per unit depth by 10–12% for PE-RT GHEs. The thermal influence distance (TID) of GHEs exhibits significant lithological differences and seasonal variations along the depth. As the depth increases, the TID in winter and summer exhibits increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. Especially, the TID of sandy layers due to a high thermal conductivity is greater than that of clay layers under the same conditions. For 250–300 m deep GHEs, the maximum TID reaches 5.8 m in winter and 7.3 m in summer, respectively, after running for five years. The heat transfer performance of middle-shallow GHEs has an attenuation risk of up to 33–35% during long-term operation, which can be alleviated using an intermittent operation strategy. The present findings can offer a useful reference for the design and optimization of middle-shallow GHEs in similar geological conditions.
Previous research has lacked sufficient attention to the heat exchange performance of middle-shallow U-tube ground heat exchangers (GHEs), particularly regarding the impact of vertical lithology heterogeneity. In this study, a heat transfer model of GHEs coupling vertical lithological variations and ground temperature distribution is established, based on field test data of middle-shallow boreholes in Langfang, Hebei Province. The heat transfer characteristics of GHEs within the depth of 200–300 m and their influencing factors are analyzed. Results show that the flow velocity and wall thickness strongly affect the heat transfer of middle-shallow GHEs. Increasing the flow rate helps to enhance heat transfer, but is not conducive to improving energy efficiency of the system due to higher power consumption of circulating pumps. There is an optimal flow rate range of 2–3 m3/h for PE-RT GHEs. Furthermore, reducing the wall thickness from 8 mm to 3 mm can significantly improve the heat transfer per unit depth by 10–12% for PE-RT GHEs. The thermal influence distance (TID) of GHEs exhibits significant lithological differences and seasonal variations along the depth. As the depth increases, the TID in winter and summer exhibits increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. Especially, the TID of sandy layers due to a high thermal conductivity is greater than that of clay layers under the same conditions. For 250–300 m deep GHEs, the maximum TID reaches 5.8 m in winter and 7.3 m in summer, respectively, after running for five years. The heat transfer performance of middle-shallow GHEs has an attenuation risk of up to 33–35% during long-term operation, which can be alleviated using an intermittent operation strategy. The present findings can offer a useful reference for the design and optimization of middle-shallow GHEs in similar geological conditions.
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doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280103
摘要:
Soda water in shallow aquifers represents a unique hydrochemical type, often enriched in arsenic (As), fluorine (F), iodine (I), and other components, while also acting as a critical driver of soil salinization. However, existing studies have failed to effectively distinguish between salinization (characterized by soluble salt accumulation) and alkalization (characterized by soda-alkali enrichment). The "New Insights" of this study do not rely on new data but derive from an in-depth excavation and interpretation of the 2006–2009 National Groundwater Pollution Survey dataset—the only authoritative background dataset covering the entire North China Plain. Focusing on shallow groundwater in the North China Plain, this study refines the identification criteria for soda water based on existing concepts, analyzes its spatial distribution characteristics, delineates typical zones, and conducts a preliminary investigation into the genetic differences across regions. Results show that when using the criterion—"HCO3− + CO32− as dominant anions with [(HCO3− + CO32−) - (Ca2+ + Mg2+)] > 0 meq%"—combined with hydrochemical cluster analysis, soda water is primarily concentrated in two zones: The mountain-front discharge zone (Area A) and the runoff-ancient Yellow River channel zone (Area B). These two zones account for 88.48% of all soda water samples and exhibit distinct hydrochemical features. In Area A, groundwater has a simple anion composition dominated by HCO3−, a median total dissolved solids (TDS) content of 501.15 mg/L, and elevated concentrations of F− and NO3−. In contrast, Area B is characterized by diverse anions (HCO3−, SO42−, and Cl−), a higher median TDS (863.56 mg/L), and enrichment of reductive components including As, F−, I−, Fe, and Mn. Genetic analysis reveals that soda water in Area A forms through the combined effects of mineral weathering, dissolution, and calcite-dolomite precipitation. In contrast, groundwater in Area B evolves under calcite-dolomite precipitation controlled by evaporative concentration, with further modifications by microbial geochemical processes and agricultural activities. This study clarifies the spatial distribution patterns and genetic mechanisms of soda water in the North China Plain, laying a foundation for further research on its formation processes.
Soda water in shallow aquifers represents a unique hydrochemical type, often enriched in arsenic (As), fluorine (F), iodine (I), and other components, while also acting as a critical driver of soil salinization. However, existing studies have failed to effectively distinguish between salinization (characterized by soluble salt accumulation) and alkalization (characterized by soda-alkali enrichment). The "New Insights" of this study do not rely on new data but derive from an in-depth excavation and interpretation of the 2006–2009 National Groundwater Pollution Survey dataset—the only authoritative background dataset covering the entire North China Plain. Focusing on shallow groundwater in the North China Plain, this study refines the identification criteria for soda water based on existing concepts, analyzes its spatial distribution characteristics, delineates typical zones, and conducts a preliminary investigation into the genetic differences across regions. Results show that when using the criterion—"HCO3− + CO32− as dominant anions with [(HCO3− + CO32−) - (Ca2+ + Mg2+)] > 0 meq%"—combined with hydrochemical cluster analysis, soda water is primarily concentrated in two zones: The mountain-front discharge zone (Area A) and the runoff-ancient Yellow River channel zone (Area B). These two zones account for 88.48% of all soda water samples and exhibit distinct hydrochemical features. In Area A, groundwater has a simple anion composition dominated by HCO3−, a median total dissolved solids (TDS) content of 501.15 mg/L, and elevated concentrations of F− and NO3−. In contrast, Area B is characterized by diverse anions (HCO3−, SO42−, and Cl−), a higher median TDS (863.56 mg/L), and enrichment of reductive components including As, F−, I−, Fe, and Mn. Genetic analysis reveals that soda water in Area A forms through the combined effects of mineral weathering, dissolution, and calcite-dolomite precipitation. In contrast, groundwater in Area B evolves under calcite-dolomite precipitation controlled by evaporative concentration, with further modifications by microbial geochemical processes and agricultural activities. This study clarifies the spatial distribution patterns and genetic mechanisms of soda water in the North China Plain, laying a foundation for further research on its formation processes.
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doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280095
摘要:
Revealing the evolution of phreatic water hydrochemistry under natural processes and mining activities in shallowly buried mining areas of arid and semi-arid regions is key to identifying the impacts of mining on groundwater. Taking the Ten Tributaries Basin in the upper Yellow River as the study area, this study combined ion ratios, stable isotope tracing, and the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model to reveal and quantify the effects of coal mining (recharge area) and mirabilite mining (discharge area) on phreatic water chemistry. Results show that mining activities are the key anthropogenic factor driving the spatial differentiation of phreatic water chemistry, with influence intensity exhibiting significant spatial heterogeneity. In undisturbed areas, natural dissolution processes contribute more than 80% of the hydrochemical composition, dominated by carbonate dissolution. However, in mining-affected areas, groundwater chemistry deviates from natural evolutionary pathways, characterized by enhanced dissolved-ion input and more complex ionic compositions. In recharge areas, coal mining mainly promotes carbonate dissolution and vadose-zone disturbance, increasing TDS by factors of 1.96 and 1.88, respectively, relative to natural conditions. In discharge areas, mirabilite mining is dominated by evaporite dissolution and deep saline-water mixing, leading to TDS increases by the factors of 4.41 and 3.24, respectively. These mining effects are superimposed on the pathway-controlled groundwater flow system, resulting in distinct spatial differentiation of groundwater hydrochemistry. The improved CMB model effectively quantifies the impacts of mining disturbances on groundwater chemistry. The results provide scientific support for groundwater resource management and ecological protection in shallowly buried mining areas of arid and semi-arid regions.
Revealing the evolution of phreatic water hydrochemistry under natural processes and mining activities in shallowly buried mining areas of arid and semi-arid regions is key to identifying the impacts of mining on groundwater. Taking the Ten Tributaries Basin in the upper Yellow River as the study area, this study combined ion ratios, stable isotope tracing, and the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model to reveal and quantify the effects of coal mining (recharge area) and mirabilite mining (discharge area) on phreatic water chemistry. Results show that mining activities are the key anthropogenic factor driving the spatial differentiation of phreatic water chemistry, with influence intensity exhibiting significant spatial heterogeneity. In undisturbed areas, natural dissolution processes contribute more than 80% of the hydrochemical composition, dominated by carbonate dissolution. However, in mining-affected areas, groundwater chemistry deviates from natural evolutionary pathways, characterized by enhanced dissolved-ion input and more complex ionic compositions. In recharge areas, coal mining mainly promotes carbonate dissolution and vadose-zone disturbance, increasing TDS by factors of 1.96 and 1.88, respectively, relative to natural conditions. In discharge areas, mirabilite mining is dominated by evaporite dissolution and deep saline-water mixing, leading to TDS increases by the factors of 4.41 and 3.24, respectively. These mining effects are superimposed on the pathway-controlled groundwater flow system, resulting in distinct spatial differentiation of groundwater hydrochemistry. The improved CMB model effectively quantifies the impacts of mining disturbances on groundwater chemistry. The results provide scientific support for groundwater resource management and ecological protection in shallowly buried mining areas of arid and semi-arid regions.
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2026, 14(2): 123-147.
doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280075
摘要:
This study evaluates the suitability of irrigation water in the semi-arid region of Aksum, northern Ethiopia. An integrated approach combining the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) and ArcGIS-based spatial analysis was applied to assess the spatial variability of irrigation water quality. Twenty-five groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for key physicochemical parameters and heavy metals using standard laboratory techniques. Exceedances of recommended irrigation water limits were recorded for magnesium (16%), nitrate (32%), salinity hazard (12%), total dissolved solids (20%), total hardness (60%), residual sodium carbonate (16%), kelly index (4%), and magnesium ratio (32%). Based on the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), 36% of the samples fell under high restriction, 32% under moderate restriction, 24% under severe restriction, and 8% under low restriction for irrigation use. Although most of groundwater sources are suitable based on individual water quality parameters, the IWQI indicates that a significant portion of samples requires restricted use for irrigation. This highlights the need for targeted groundwater management strategies to mitigate localized risks associated with salinity and sodicity. The integrated IWQI-GIS approach demonstrated in this study is readily transferable to other arid and semi-arid regions, providing a robust tool for sustainable irrigation management and climate-resilient agricultural planning.
This study evaluates the suitability of irrigation water in the semi-arid region of Aksum, northern Ethiopia. An integrated approach combining the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) and ArcGIS-based spatial analysis was applied to assess the spatial variability of irrigation water quality. Twenty-five groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for key physicochemical parameters and heavy metals using standard laboratory techniques. Exceedances of recommended irrigation water limits were recorded for magnesium (16%), nitrate (32%), salinity hazard (12%), total dissolved solids (20%), total hardness (60%), residual sodium carbonate (16%), kelly index (4%), and magnesium ratio (32%). Based on the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), 36% of the samples fell under high restriction, 32% under moderate restriction, 24% under severe restriction, and 8% under low restriction for irrigation use. Although most of groundwater sources are suitable based on individual water quality parameters, the IWQI indicates that a significant portion of samples requires restricted use for irrigation. This highlights the need for targeted groundwater management strategies to mitigate localized risks associated with salinity and sodicity. The integrated IWQI-GIS approach demonstrated in this study is readily transferable to other arid and semi-arid regions, providing a robust tool for sustainable irrigation management and climate-resilient agricultural planning.
2026, 14(2): 148-164.
doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280076
摘要:
Natural Background Levels (NBLs) play a pivotal role in groundwater management. Ammonia nitrogen exceeding national standards is a significant concern in the alluvial fan area of Tuzuoqi, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. The commonly used pre-selection method relies on empirical judgment with predefined pollution thresholds, making it highly subjective and less adaptable. In this study, an improved pre-selection approach was used to assess the NBLs of ammonia nitrogen and chlorides in the study area, complemented by pollution indices to evaluate the extent and scope of contamination. The improved method first employed Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) to identify characteristic pollution indicators, including NH4+, Cl−, TDS, Ca2+, Na+, NO3−, and Chlorinated HydroCarbons (CHCs). Subsequently, the contamination levels of these indicators were analyzed to establish pollution thresholds and remove contaminated samples, thereby completing the pre-selection of original samples. The pre-selection criteria for the study area were: For ammonia nitrogen, NH4+-N > 0.5 mg/L combined with Cl− > 250 mg/L; for chloride, Cl− > 250 mg/L and Cl− > 100 mg/L with simultaneous detection of CHCs. Pre-selected samples were further analyzed using Grubbs' test to identify NBLs samples. The validity of the NBLs samples was confirmed through significance tests based on historical data. The 95th percentile of the NBLs samples was used to calculate a unified NBLs for pollution indices. The results indicate that ammonia nitrogen contamination is concentrated in the central-southern part of the industrial park, with a limited spatial extent and severe pollution near pollution sources. The exceedances of ammonia nitrogen in water source wells are due to high NBLs, which are attributed to organic-rich alluvial-lacustrine interbedded deposits. Chloride pollution has spread from the central-southern to the northern areas, causing slight contamination in some wells over a broader region. Compared to other alluvial fans, elevated chloride NBLs are related to the high content of water-soluble salts in the lacustrine sediments within the strata. This study validates the effectiveness of the improved preselection method in determining groundwater NBLs and emphasizes the role of NBLs in identifying sources and contamination levels of exceeding components.
Natural Background Levels (NBLs) play a pivotal role in groundwater management. Ammonia nitrogen exceeding national standards is a significant concern in the alluvial fan area of Tuzuoqi, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. The commonly used pre-selection method relies on empirical judgment with predefined pollution thresholds, making it highly subjective and less adaptable. In this study, an improved pre-selection approach was used to assess the NBLs of ammonia nitrogen and chlorides in the study area, complemented by pollution indices to evaluate the extent and scope of contamination. The improved method first employed Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) to identify characteristic pollution indicators, including NH4+, Cl−, TDS, Ca2+, Na+, NO3−, and Chlorinated HydroCarbons (CHCs). Subsequently, the contamination levels of these indicators were analyzed to establish pollution thresholds and remove contaminated samples, thereby completing the pre-selection of original samples. The pre-selection criteria for the study area were: For ammonia nitrogen, NH4+-N > 0.5 mg/L combined with Cl− > 250 mg/L; for chloride, Cl− > 250 mg/L and Cl− > 100 mg/L with simultaneous detection of CHCs. Pre-selected samples were further analyzed using Grubbs' test to identify NBLs samples. The validity of the NBLs samples was confirmed through significance tests based on historical data. The 95th percentile of the NBLs samples was used to calculate a unified NBLs for pollution indices. The results indicate that ammonia nitrogen contamination is concentrated in the central-southern part of the industrial park, with a limited spatial extent and severe pollution near pollution sources. The exceedances of ammonia nitrogen in water source wells are due to high NBLs, which are attributed to organic-rich alluvial-lacustrine interbedded deposits. Chloride pollution has spread from the central-southern to the northern areas, causing slight contamination in some wells over a broader region. Compared to other alluvial fans, elevated chloride NBLs are related to the high content of water-soluble salts in the lacustrine sediments within the strata. This study validates the effectiveness of the improved preselection method in determining groundwater NBLs and emphasizes the role of NBLs in identifying sources and contamination levels of exceeding components.
2026, 14(2): 165-187.
doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280077
摘要:
Over-exploitation of groundwater resources often causes seawater to intrude into coastal aquifers. This study aims to evaluate how different beach slopes (90°, 75°, 60°, and 45°) affect the extent and behavior of seawater intrusion in unconfined coastal aquifers under transient conditions. A three-dimensional laboratory model was constructed to simulate seawater intrusion under varying beach slopes. Experimental data were analyzed using image processing techniques, and results were validated using the SEAWAT numerical model. Key parameters—including wedge toe length, height, and area—were measured over time to assess the transient response of the saltwater wedge. The results showed that under static conditions, flatter slopes produced larger saltwater wedges. During transient conditions following a groundwater-level decline, the wedge toe advanced approximately 57% further in the vertical slope than in the 45° slope, while the final wedge size remained smaller on the steeper beach. The wedge height stabilized earlier than the toe length and area during intrusion, whereas in the recession stage, all three indices reached equilibrium almost simultaneously. The geometry of the beach slope has a significant effect on both the extent and temporal behavior of seawater intrusion. The toe length index showed a strong relationship with wedge area and can serve as a reliable indicator of intrusion volume under both steady and transient conditions. These findings emphasize the importance of considering beach slope in the design and management of coastal aquifer systems. Understanding how slope geometry influences the evolution of the saltwater wedge can improve the prediction and control of seawater intrusion in response to groundwater-level fluctuations.
Over-exploitation of groundwater resources often causes seawater to intrude into coastal aquifers. This study aims to evaluate how different beach slopes (90°, 75°, 60°, and 45°) affect the extent and behavior of seawater intrusion in unconfined coastal aquifers under transient conditions. A three-dimensional laboratory model was constructed to simulate seawater intrusion under varying beach slopes. Experimental data were analyzed using image processing techniques, and results were validated using the SEAWAT numerical model. Key parameters—including wedge toe length, height, and area—were measured over time to assess the transient response of the saltwater wedge. The results showed that under static conditions, flatter slopes produced larger saltwater wedges. During transient conditions following a groundwater-level decline, the wedge toe advanced approximately 57% further in the vertical slope than in the 45° slope, while the final wedge size remained smaller on the steeper beach. The wedge height stabilized earlier than the toe length and area during intrusion, whereas in the recession stage, all three indices reached equilibrium almost simultaneously. The geometry of the beach slope has a significant effect on both the extent and temporal behavior of seawater intrusion. The toe length index showed a strong relationship with wedge area and can serve as a reliable indicator of intrusion volume under both steady and transient conditions. These findings emphasize the importance of considering beach slope in the design and management of coastal aquifer systems. Understanding how slope geometry influences the evolution of the saltwater wedge can improve the prediction and control of seawater intrusion in response to groundwater-level fluctuations.
2026, 14(2): 188-198.
doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280078
摘要:
Nitrate contamination in water represents a significant threat to both public health and the environment. While ultrasonic technology has emerged as an eco-friendly approach with potential for enhancing nitrate removal, its full capacity remains underexplored. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of ultrasound in improving nitrate removal from aqueous solutions using biochar derived from rice straw, modified with Fe3+ and Zn2+ as cationic bridges. Conducted at the water quality laboratory of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, the experiments revealed that iron-coated biochar treatments (BF and BFU) exhibited outstanding performance in nitrate removal. Ultrasound application significantly enhanced nitrate removal efficiency, with the combination of ultrasonic waves and iron-coated biochar (BFU) achieving a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 3.664 mg/g, which surpassed non-sonicated treatments (BF: 3.345 mg/g) and reduced equilibrium time by 92% (from 60 min to 5 min). Furthermore, ultrasonic treatment improved the performance of Zn2+-coated biochar (BZU), boosting removal rates by more than 25% through cavitation-induced particle fragmentation and enhanced mass transfer. Mechanistic analysis indicated that ultrasound facilitates the homogenization of the adsorption surface, favoring Langmuir-type monolayer adsorption (R2 > 0.95), while the cationic bridges (Fe3+/Zn2+) strengthened electrostatic interactions with nitrate ions. Under optimized conditions, the combination of ultrasound and cation-modified biochar achieved over 90% nitrate removal, presenting a promising, energy-efficient, and sustainable solution for water treatment. These findings demonstrate the potential of ultrasonic-assisted, cation-modified biochar as a highly effective strategy for mitigating nitrate contamination in water systems.
Nitrate contamination in water represents a significant threat to both public health and the environment. While ultrasonic technology has emerged as an eco-friendly approach with potential for enhancing nitrate removal, its full capacity remains underexplored. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of ultrasound in improving nitrate removal from aqueous solutions using biochar derived from rice straw, modified with Fe3+ and Zn2+ as cationic bridges. Conducted at the water quality laboratory of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, the experiments revealed that iron-coated biochar treatments (BF and BFU) exhibited outstanding performance in nitrate removal. Ultrasound application significantly enhanced nitrate removal efficiency, with the combination of ultrasonic waves and iron-coated biochar (BFU) achieving a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 3.664 mg/g, which surpassed non-sonicated treatments (BF: 3.345 mg/g) and reduced equilibrium time by 92% (from 60 min to 5 min). Furthermore, ultrasonic treatment improved the performance of Zn2+-coated biochar (BZU), boosting removal rates by more than 25% through cavitation-induced particle fragmentation and enhanced mass transfer. Mechanistic analysis indicated that ultrasound facilitates the homogenization of the adsorption surface, favoring Langmuir-type monolayer adsorption (R2 > 0.95), while the cationic bridges (Fe3+/Zn2+) strengthened electrostatic interactions with nitrate ions. Under optimized conditions, the combination of ultrasound and cation-modified biochar achieved over 90% nitrate removal, presenting a promising, energy-efficient, and sustainable solution for water treatment. These findings demonstrate the potential of ultrasonic-assisted, cation-modified biochar as a highly effective strategy for mitigating nitrate contamination in water systems.
2026, 14(2): 199-212.
doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280079
摘要:
Groundwater resources are vital for sustaining agricultural productivity and ecological balance, particularly in regions facing increasing water demand and climatic variability. This study investigates the response of groundwater levels to different withdrawal scenarios in the Talesh aquifer, northern Iran, using MODFLOW (Modular Finite-Difference Groundwater Flow Model) integrated with the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) software (Version 10.4). The model was calibrated and validated using observed data from 2005 to 2018 under both steady and transient conditions. Seven scenarios of groundwater extraction were simulated, including 5%, 10% and 15% increases and decreases relative to the baseline withdrawal rates, to evaluate potential impacts on groundwater storage and sustainability from 2019 to 2024. Statistical indices such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Error (ME) confirmed the model's reliability in reproducing observed groundwater levels. Results indicated that maintaining current groundwater withdrawal rates leads to continued groundwater level declines of up to approximately 3.12 m in localized areas of the aquifer, whereas a 15% reduction in groundwater withdrawals can result in substantial groundwater recovery, with water level rises exceeding 2.40 m at specific locations during the simulation period. The results of this study highlight the critical necessity of groundwater withdrawal management policies to balance groundwater withdrawal with natural recharge, ensure water security and support sustainable agriculture.
Groundwater resources are vital for sustaining agricultural productivity and ecological balance, particularly in regions facing increasing water demand and climatic variability. This study investigates the response of groundwater levels to different withdrawal scenarios in the Talesh aquifer, northern Iran, using MODFLOW (Modular Finite-Difference Groundwater Flow Model) integrated with the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) software (Version 10.4). The model was calibrated and validated using observed data from 2005 to 2018 under both steady and transient conditions. Seven scenarios of groundwater extraction were simulated, including 5%, 10% and 15% increases and decreases relative to the baseline withdrawal rates, to evaluate potential impacts on groundwater storage and sustainability from 2019 to 2024. Statistical indices such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Error (ME) confirmed the model's reliability in reproducing observed groundwater levels. Results indicated that maintaining current groundwater withdrawal rates leads to continued groundwater level declines of up to approximately 3.12 m in localized areas of the aquifer, whereas a 15% reduction in groundwater withdrawals can result in substantial groundwater recovery, with water level rises exceeding 2.40 m at specific locations during the simulation period. The results of this study highlight the critical necessity of groundwater withdrawal management policies to balance groundwater withdrawal with natural recharge, ensure water security and support sustainable agriculture.
2026, 14(2): 213-232.
doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280080
摘要:
The extensive fill engineering slopes formed by major projects such as "managing the ditch and creating land" in the Loess Plateau region face severe challenges of rainfall-induced instability. Inspired by the self-stable structure of natural loess-paleosol sequences and the Nature-based Solutions (NbS) concept, the water-control structure for loess fill slopes was propose, which is a composite of erosion-resistant surface layer (modified cellulose-treated) and low-permeability layers (mimicking paleosol properties using lime-improved loess). Indoor soil mechanics tests (liquid/plastic limits, compaction, permeability, shear strength) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that both modified materials significantly enhance soil strength and reduce permeability (e.g., lime treatment reduced saturated permeability by 95.18%). Artificial rainfall model experiments demonstrated that slopes with water—control structure exhibit delayed infiltration response (up to 1,565 minutes), reduced erosion volume (71.6% less than untreated slopes), and shifted failure modes from fluidized collapse to gradual shear-slip. Numerical simulations (GeoStudio) further optimized the low-permeability layer configuration, identifying a 3 m-thick, 2°-inclined layer as optimal for maximizing stability. This study reveals that the NbS structure effectively regulates rainfall infiltration and erosion processes, significantly reducing erosion volume and altering failure modes. Consequently, the NbS-based water-control structure provides a theoretical basis and key technical support for the prevention and control of instability in loess fill slopes.
The extensive fill engineering slopes formed by major projects such as "managing the ditch and creating land" in the Loess Plateau region face severe challenges of rainfall-induced instability. Inspired by the self-stable structure of natural loess-paleosol sequences and the Nature-based Solutions (NbS) concept, the water-control structure for loess fill slopes was propose, which is a composite of erosion-resistant surface layer (modified cellulose-treated) and low-permeability layers (mimicking paleosol properties using lime-improved loess). Indoor soil mechanics tests (liquid/plastic limits, compaction, permeability, shear strength) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that both modified materials significantly enhance soil strength and reduce permeability (e.g., lime treatment reduced saturated permeability by 95.18%). Artificial rainfall model experiments demonstrated that slopes with water—control structure exhibit delayed infiltration response (up to 1,565 minutes), reduced erosion volume (71.6% less than untreated slopes), and shifted failure modes from fluidized collapse to gradual shear-slip. Numerical simulations (GeoStudio) further optimized the low-permeability layer configuration, identifying a 3 m-thick, 2°-inclined layer as optimal for maximizing stability. This study reveals that the NbS structure effectively regulates rainfall infiltration and erosion processes, significantly reducing erosion volume and altering failure modes. Consequently, the NbS-based water-control structure provides a theoretical basis and key technical support for the prevention and control of instability in loess fill slopes.
2026, 14(2): 233-251.
doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280081
摘要:
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a core parameter of the hydrology and carbon cycles, and its accurate estimation is crucial for water resource management. Satellite-based ET products provide an effective means for large-scale monitoring. However, due to limitations in the spatial and temporal resolution, the use of these products at regional and field scales is limited. In this study, daily ET in the Baoding Plain—a key groundwater resource recharge area—was estimated at a 500 m spatial resolution using the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) method. The model was driven by a synthesis of remote sensing datasets, reanalysis products, and interpolated data from meteorological stations. Validation results from in-situ observations indicated that the BMA ET had better performance (R=0.83, RMSE=1.25 mm/d) than each model in the BMA scheme. The spatiotemporal analysis revealed that the average annual BMA ET in the Baoding Plain was 683 mm/year from 2000 to 2019. Seasonal and monthly variations in the BMA ET captured the irrigation and water consumption patterns of the local crop rotation systems. A significant increasing trend of BMA ET (2.40 mm/year2) was observed in the Baoding Plain over the study period. At the regional scale, ET over more than 50% of the plain exhibited a significant positive trend. Further analysis identified water availability, solar radiation, and temperature as the primary drivers of ET variation. The BMA ET product generated in this study is characterized by high spatiotemporal resolution and accuracy. This reliable, high-resolution dataset offers valuable support for precision agricultural water management and hydrological studies, including groundwater investigations, in this predominantly agricultural region.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a core parameter of the hydrology and carbon cycles, and its accurate estimation is crucial for water resource management. Satellite-based ET products provide an effective means for large-scale monitoring. However, due to limitations in the spatial and temporal resolution, the use of these products at regional and field scales is limited. In this study, daily ET in the Baoding Plain—a key groundwater resource recharge area—was estimated at a 500 m spatial resolution using the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) method. The model was driven by a synthesis of remote sensing datasets, reanalysis products, and interpolated data from meteorological stations. Validation results from in-situ observations indicated that the BMA ET had better performance (R=0.83, RMSE=1.25 mm/d) than each model in the BMA scheme. The spatiotemporal analysis revealed that the average annual BMA ET in the Baoding Plain was 683 mm/year from 2000 to 2019. Seasonal and monthly variations in the BMA ET captured the irrigation and water consumption patterns of the local crop rotation systems. A significant increasing trend of BMA ET (2.40 mm/year2) was observed in the Baoding Plain over the study period. At the regional scale, ET over more than 50% of the plain exhibited a significant positive trend. Further analysis identified water availability, solar radiation, and temperature as the primary drivers of ET variation. The BMA ET product generated in this study is characterized by high spatiotemporal resolution and accuracy. This reliable, high-resolution dataset offers valuable support for precision agricultural water management and hydrological studies, including groundwater investigations, in this predominantly agricultural region.
2026, 14(2): 252-270.
doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280082
摘要:
Northern Pakistan is highly susceptible to debris flows due to its complex geomorphic structure, steep topography, climate change, glaciation, monsoonal rainfall, active seismicity, deforestation, and human activities. Despite this, high-resolution, quantitative assessments of debris flow hazards are limited, constraining effective disaster risk management. This study aims to model a representative debris flow event in the Ghizer District to predict potential deposition areas and support emergency preparedness and sustainable land-use planning in this hazard-prone region. High-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-derived topographic data were integrated with the Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS-DF) model to simulate debris flow runout for three release scenarios, representing distinct and combined initiation zones. Satellite images and field validation were used to delineate release and erosion zones, while vulnerability and risk were assessed by mapping exposed elements including 210 buildings and a population of 1,500 and applying spatial multi-criteria analysis within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework. The numerical simulation for the most critical event, Scenario 3 (representing simultaneous dual-source initiation), yielded the highest magnitude results with a total flow volume of 193,717 m3, a peak flow height of 12.96 m, and a maximum impact pressure of 992.28 kPa. Vulnerability mapping identified infrastructure and agricultural land as the most exposed. Risk assessment showed that the combined scenario posed the greatest threat to local assets and communities. The study demonstrates that debris flow dynamics in high-mountain environments are non-linearly sensitive to initial release volumes and the interaction between multiple flow sources. Topographic controls such as channel confinement and slope variations are the primary drivers of flow intensity and energy dissipation. This research establishes a replicable, data-driven framework for quantitative risk assessment in data-limited mountainous regions. The resulting high-resolution hazard and risk maps provide a scientific basis for defining land-use restrictions, prioritizing slope stabilization, and guiding the placement of emergency infrastructure to support disaster-resilient development in northern Pakistan.
Northern Pakistan is highly susceptible to debris flows due to its complex geomorphic structure, steep topography, climate change, glaciation, monsoonal rainfall, active seismicity, deforestation, and human activities. Despite this, high-resolution, quantitative assessments of debris flow hazards are limited, constraining effective disaster risk management. This study aims to model a representative debris flow event in the Ghizer District to predict potential deposition areas and support emergency preparedness and sustainable land-use planning in this hazard-prone region. High-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-derived topographic data were integrated with the Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS-DF) model to simulate debris flow runout for three release scenarios, representing distinct and combined initiation zones. Satellite images and field validation were used to delineate release and erosion zones, while vulnerability and risk were assessed by mapping exposed elements including 210 buildings and a population of 1,500 and applying spatial multi-criteria analysis within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework. The numerical simulation for the most critical event, Scenario 3 (representing simultaneous dual-source initiation), yielded the highest magnitude results with a total flow volume of 193,717 m3, a peak flow height of 12.96 m, and a maximum impact pressure of 992.28 kPa. Vulnerability mapping identified infrastructure and agricultural land as the most exposed. Risk assessment showed that the combined scenario posed the greatest threat to local assets and communities. The study demonstrates that debris flow dynamics in high-mountain environments are non-linearly sensitive to initial release volumes and the interaction between multiple flow sources. Topographic controls such as channel confinement and slope variations are the primary drivers of flow intensity and energy dissipation. This research establishes a replicable, data-driven framework for quantitative risk assessment in data-limited mountainous regions. The resulting high-resolution hazard and risk maps provide a scientific basis for defining land-use restrictions, prioritizing slope stabilization, and guiding the placement of emergency infrastructure to support disaster-resilient development in northern Pakistan.
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