Juan Chen; Shi-xiong Wang; Li-qiang Tang; Rui Liu; Xin-yao Liu; Teng Ma

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280098

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280098

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-04-24
- 录用日期: 2026-06-23
- 网络出版日期: 2026-10-13

Release mechanisms of heavy metals during compaction of clayey sediments: Studies using simulation experiments

Juan Chen^{1, 2},
Shi-xiong Wang³,
Li-qiang Tang^{1, 2},
Rui Liu^{4
, ,},
Xin-yao Liu⁴,
Teng Ma⁵

1.
Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment Monitoring and Protection of Geological Resources, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
2.
Hebei Geological Environment Monitoring Institute, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
3.
The 4th Geological Team of Hebei Geology and Mining Bureau (Water Source Conservation Research Center of Hebei Province), Zhangjiakou 075100, China
4.
China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100081, China
5.
Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China

More Information

Corresponding author: hjliurui0225@163.com

摘要

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Abstract: Compaction-induced release of porewater containing elevated concentrations of heavy metals from clayey aquitards poses a potential risk to groundwater quality in adjacent aquifers. However, the enrichment mechanisms of heavy metals in clay porewater and their subsequent environmental impacts on groundwater systems remain inadequately elucidated. In this study, two sets of simulation experiments were conducted on clayey sediments collected from the Chen Lake wetland using a novel integrated compaction simulator, with continuous monitoring of sediment, porewater, and gas compositions. Under the natural compaction condition (0.02 MPa/h), porewater was continuously released with pressurization, accompanied by a redox transition from oxidative to reductive environments. The release of sediment As, Ba, Mn, and Sr into porewater was associated with the reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxides, whereas Cr, Rb, and Zn were primarily released through OM mineralization. Furthermore, portions of Rb and Sr were bound to carbonates, with their concentrations in porewater increasing due to inorganic carbon dissolution. In the later compaction stages, reduced moisture content inhibited further heavy metal release. Under the artificial compaction condition (0.1 MPa/24h), heavy metal mobilization was predominantly driven by pressure-induced dissolution under enhanced water-rock interactions. Following each pressurization, sediment As, Ba, Mn, and Sr were released alongside Fe mineral dissolution. Although the concentrations of V, Ni, Co, Cu, Cd, and Pb in porewater remained relatively low, they exhibited marked increases in response to each pressurization during the later stages of the experiment. Quantitative assessments for the Chen Lake wetland indicate that natural compaction of clayey sediments (–20 m thick) elevated groundwater As, Ba, Co, Mn, Rb, Sr, and V concentrations in the underlying aquifer (–70 m thick) by 5.81 μg/L, 57.81 μg/L, 0.23 μg/L, 561.46 μg/L, 0.57 μg/L, 90.03 μg/L, and 0.04 μg/L, respectively. Under artificial compaction, the contributions of clayey sediments to groundwater As, Ba, Co, Mn, Rb, and Sr concentrations were estimated to range from 0.07 μg/L to 1.81 μg/L, 1.24 μg/L to 17.1 μg/L, 0.006 μg/L to 0.074 μg/L, 25.89 μg/L to 261.8 μg/L, 0.01 μg/L to 0.24 μg/L, and 2.45 μg/L to 37.51 μg/L, respectively, underscoring the significant influence of clayey sediment compaction on heavy metal enrichment in groundwater systems.
- Clayey sediment compaction /
- Heavy metal release /
- Release mechanisms /
- Simulation experiments /
- Jianghan Plain

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Figure 1. (a) Location of Chen Lake Wetland and typical geological profile of the JHP (adapted from Du et al., 2018b), (b) Sampling locations of surficial silt in Chen Lake Wetland

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Figure 2. Configuration of the experimental device

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Figure 3. Sediment heavy metal contents (mg/kg) and moisture content (%) as a function of pressurization in Experiment A (0.02 MPa/h)

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Figure 4. Variation of heavy metals, DOC, DIC, and Fe ion concentrations in the porewater as a function of pressurization in Experiment A

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Figure 5. Sediment heavy metal contents (mg/kg) and moisture content (%) as a function of pressurization in Experiment B (0.1 MPa/24 h)

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Figure 6. Variation of heavy metals, DOC, DIC, and Fe ion concentrations in the porewater as a function of pressurization in Experiment B

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Figure 7. Variations of sediment TOC, Fe oxides contents, porewater DOC and Fe ion concentrations as a function of pressurization in Experiment A

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Figure 8. Variations of sediment TOC, Fe oxides contents, and porewater DOC and Fe ion concentrations as a function of pressurization in Experiment B

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Figure 9. Linear regression between heavy metal release amounts (As, Ba, Co, Mn, Rb, Sr, and V) and moisture content in Experiment A

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Figure 10. Linear regression between heavy metal release amounts (As, Ba, Co, Mn, Rb, and Sr) and compression ratio in Experiment B

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Figure 11. Conceptual model of the release mechanisms of heavy metals during clayey sediments compaction

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Table 1. Initial properties of the experimental samples

	Moisture content (%)	Density (g/cm³)	Liquid limit (%)	Plastic limit (%)	Mass (kg)	Sample thickness (cm)
Initial sample for Experiment A	134.2	1.68	77.24	40.23	4.054	48.4
Initial sample for Experiment B	131.5	1.71	75.38	42.45	4.015	48.0

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Table 2. Variations in composition of the gas samples with pressurization in Experiment A

Time (h)	Pressure (MPa)	CO₂ (ppm)	CH₄ (ppm)
170	3.40	9,268.81 ± 937.83	11,301.92 ± 727.58
220	4.40	8,463.48 ± 16.33	18,851.73 ± 1.44
295	5.90	4,143.31 ± 73.91	15,302.55 ± 14.90

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Table 3. Variations in gas composition with pressurization in Experiment B

Time (h)	Pressure (MPa)	CO₂ (ppm)	CH₄ (ppm)
120	0.5	1,763.6 ± 50.18	1,834.30 ± 25.28
264	1.1	2,324.6 ± 106.76	3,948.25 ± 19.14

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Table 4. Correlation coefficients (R) between the contents of heavy metals and TOC, free Fe, and amorphous Fe oxides in the sediments of Experiment A

	As	Ba	Cd	Co	Cr	Cu	Mn
TOC	0.959^**	0.258	0.167	−0.436	0.237	0.154	0.025
Free Fe	0.016	−0.729^**	−0.503^*	0.067	−0.272	−0.308	−0.346
Amorphous Fe	0.842^**	−0.037	0.169	−0.390	0.203	0.034	−0.317
	Ni	Pb	Rb	Sr	V	Zn
TOC	0.231	0.231	0.852^**	0.562^*	0.504^*	0.743^**
Free Fe	−0.143	0.672^**	0.202	−0.537^*	0.357	−0.080
Amorphous Fe	0.254	0.518^*	0.366	0.337	0.332	0.106
, p < 0.05; *, p < 0.01, n =13

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Table 5. Correlation coefficients (R) between the concentrations of heavy metals and DOC, total Fe, and Fe²⁺ in the porewater of Experiment A

	As	Ba	Cd	Co	Cr	Cu	Mn
DOC	0.803^**	0.634^**	−0.009	−0.240	0.700^**	−0.191	0.485^*
Total Fe	0.523^*	0.465^*	−0.133	−0.234	0.375	−0.328	0.480^*
Fe²⁺	0.424^*	0.366	−0.125	−0.209	0.287	−0.300	0.409^*
	Ni	Pb	Rb	Sr	V	Zn
DOC	−0.352	0.200	0.593^**	0.432^*	−0.209	0.561^**
Total Fe	−0.289	−0.218	0.318	0.425^*	−0.193	0.372
Fe²⁺	−0.227	−0.203	0.236	0.362	−0.204	0.337
, p < 0.05; *, p < 0.01, n = 18

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Table 6. Correlation coefficients (R) between the contents of heavy metals and TOC, free Fe, and amorphous Fe oxides in the sediments from Experiment B

	As	Ba	Cd	Co	Cr	Cu	Mn
TOC	0.543	0.461	0.227	−0.418	0.229	0.256	0.284
Free Fe	−0.541	−0.370	−0.333	0.628^*	−0.259	−0.104	−0.300
Amorphous Fe	0.069	0.169	0.176	−0.464	−0.245	−0.172	0.210
	Ni	Pb	Rb	Sr	V	Zn
TOC	−0.075	0.433	0.427	0.116	0.349	0.632^*
Free Fe	−0.128	−0.530	−0.254	0.019	−0.204	−0.499
Amorphous Fe	0.343	0.241	−0.081	−0.123	−0.025	0.121
, p < 0.05; *, p < 0.01; n = 10

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Table 7. Correlation coefficients (R) between the concentrations of heavy metals and DOC, total Fe, and Fe²⁺ in the porewater from Experiment B

	As	Ba	Cd	Co	Cr	Cu	Mn
DOC	0.039	0.130	−0.041	0.219	−0.066	0.155	0.236
Total Fe	0.654^**	0.428^*	−0.021	0.038	−0.104	0.026	0.443^*
Fe²⁺	0.160	0.270	−0.158	−0.058	−0.177	−0.151	0.382
	Ni	Pb	Rb	Sr	V	Zn
DOC	0.189	−0.060	0.038	0.230	0.032	0.644^**
Total Fe	−0.010	0.341	0.006	0.493^*	−0.179	0.238
Fe²⁺	−0.110	0.077	−0.308	0.157	−0.235	0.481^*
, p < 0.05; *, p < 0.01; n = 17

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Table 8. Release amounts and concentrations of As, Ba, Co, Mn, Rb, and Sr from the clayey aquitard under land subsidence caused by groundwater overexploitation

Subsidence rate (m/a) × overexploitation time (a)	Release amount (mg/m)
Subsidence rate (m/a) × overexploitation time (a)	As	Ba	Co	Mn	Rb	Sr
0.2×5	1,987.7	37.32	170.14	779.42	330.92	73.82
0.2×15	8,172.9	93.48	411.78	1,614.82	1,138.71	197.96
0.2×30	17,450.7	177.73	774.24	2,867.92	2,350.41	384.18
0.4×5	5,080.3	65.4	290.96	1,197.12	734.81	135.89
0.4×15	17,450.7	177.73	774.24	2,867.92	2,350.41	384.18
0.4×30	36,006.4	346.23	1,499.17	5374.11	4,773.8	756.62
0.6×5	8,172.9	93.48	411.78	1,614.82	1,138.71	197.96
0.6×15	26,728.5	261.98	1,136.71	4,121.01	3,562.11	570.4
0.6×30	54,562	514.73	2,224.1	7,880.31	7,197.19	1,129.05
Subsidence rate (m/a) × overexploitation time (a)	Input into groundwater (μg/L)
Subsidence rate (m/a) × overexploitation time (a)	As	Ba	Co	Mn	Rb	Sr
0.2×5	0.07	1.24	0.006	25.89	0.01	2.45
0.2×15	0.27	3.11	0.014	53.65	0.04	6.58
0.2×30	0.58	5.91	0.026	95.28	0.08	12.76
0.4×5	0.17	2.17	0.01	39.77	0.02	4.52
0.4×15	0.58	5.91	0.026	95.28	0.08	12.76
0.4×30	1.2	11.5	0.05	178.54	0.16	25.14
0.6×5	0.27	3.11	0.014	53.65	0.04	6.58
0.6×15	0.89	8.7	0.038	136.91	0.12	18.95
0.6×30	1.81	17.1	0.074	261.8	0.24	37.51

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