Ahmed Mohammad Tofayal; Monir Minhaj Uddin; Hasan Md Yeasir; Rahman Md Mominur; Rifat Md Shamiul Islam; Islam Md Naim; Khan Abu Shamim; Rahman Md Mizanur; Islam Md Shajidul

doi:10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.03.006

doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.03.006

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-12-25
- 录用日期: 2020-03-19
- 刊出日期: 2020-09-28

Hydro-geochemical evaluation of groundwater with studies on water quality index and suitability for drinking in Sagardari, Jashore

1.
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
2.
Environmental Laboratory, Asia Arsenic Network, Arsenic Center, Benapole Road, Krishnobati, Pulerhat, Jashore-7400, Bangladesh

More Information

Corresponding author: Mohammad Tofayal Ahmed, E-mail: tofayal74@yahoo.com

摘要

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Abstract: Sagardari union is facing groundwater crisis because of contaminations from agriculture and urban sewage, which bring a considerable change in water quality. In view of this, hydro-chemical analyses were undertaken on 35 groundwater samples and the following hydro-geochemical parameters, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), electrical conductivity (EC), cations and anions, were analyzed. From the analytical results, it is found that pH value was lower than WHO drinking water standard and the middle-downstream portions of the investigation region show higher EC. The piper plot indicates that the groundwater in Sagardari falls in the categories of NaClHCO₃ hydro-chemical facies. Higher TH in groundwater was detected, but still in an acceptable range. In addition, salinity and arsenic ratio are higher and moderately higher, respectively. The spatial distribution of Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) was determined by geo-statistical modelling of Sagardari union. The study provides information and supports the administration which to make better groundwater utilization and quality control in the Sagardari union.
- Sagardari union /
- Groundwater /
- Hydro-geochemistry /
- Spatial distribution /
- Water quality index

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Figure 1. Regional map of the investigation area with groundwater sampling points

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Figure 2. Piper trilinear diagram presenting the comparative cations and anions properties of groundwater samples

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Figure 3. Diagram of Gibbs where the ratio of cation and anion proportion of specific water samples with the correlation of TDS (mg/L) in Sagardari (Gibbs, 1970)

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Figure 4. Magnesium hazard ratio with the suitable and unsuitable limit in the investigation area

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Figure 5. (a) Correlation of EC and SSP; (b) the correlation of SAR and EC

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Figure 6. Spatial distribution of Water quality index calculated from groundwater chemical parameters

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Table 1. Hydro-geochemical analyses techniques for each parameter

Groundwater properties	Progression
Temperature	Technique of thermometric.
Foremost ions with trace constituent	Inductively attached with plasma-atomic of discharging spectrometry systematic process.
Chlorine	Ion selective electrode process.
Ions	Selective techniques of electrode.
pH	Technique of thermometric.
Conductivity	Technique of electrical conductivity.
Total dissolved solids	Filtration during 0.48 μm filmable filter, remains the filtrate desiccated on temperature 104 ~106℃.

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Table 2. Parameters of groundwater chemistry with their weight (wi) and relative weight (Wi) considering the range of standard values from World Health Organization

Parameters (mg/L)	Weight (Wi) (mg/L)	Relative weight (Wi)	WHO Permissible Limit(1997, 2002) (mg/L)
TDS	4	0.08	1 000
pH	3	0.06	8.5
Chloride	4	0.08	600
Alkalinity	3	0.06	400
Iron	4	0.08	0.3
Arsenic	4	0.08	0.01
Manganese	5	0.10	0.05
Hardness	4	0.08	500
Calcium	4	0.08	200
Magnesium	2	0.04	150
Sodium	3	0.06	200
Bicarbonate	3	0.06	600
Potassium	4	0.08	12

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Table 3. Descriptive statistics of hydro-geochemical parameters in groundwater and their comparison with World Health Organization(1997, 2002) standard for drinking water purposes

Parameter	Min	Max	Variance	Standard division	Average	Drinking limit(1997, 2002)(mg/L)
TDS (mg/L)	475	3 300	719 471.62	836.01	1 514.28	1 000
Con. of pH	7.74	8.24	0.01	0.12	8.00	8.5
Chloride (mg/L)	157.81	1 890.6	269 961.42	512.10	815.12	600
Alkalinity (mg/L)	340.09	599.9	5 973.39	76.10	454.14	400
Iron (mg/L)	0	0.44	0.44	0.124	0.137	0.3
Arsenic (mg/L)	0.002	0.089	0.0005	0.022	0.018	0.01
Manganese (mg/L)	0	0.111	0.001	0.033	0.041	0.05
Conductivity (uS/cm)	970	6310	2 405 173.67	1 528.54	2 867.6	500
Hardness (mg/L)	200	760	16 753.65	127.52	358	500
Calcium (mg/L)	49	149.66	555.92	23.23	75.42	200
Magnesium (mg/L)	15.21	93.80	315.11	17.49	41.16	150
Sodium (mg/L)	23.09	904.89	59 869.93	241.16	322.76	200
Bicarbonate (mg/L)	28.16	1 103.96	89 110.41	294.21	393.80	600
Potassium (mg/L)	10	25.98	20.09	4.41	18.86	12

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Table 4. Ratings of groundwater irrigation quality on the basis of hydro-geochemical parameters such as EC, SAR, SSP, MH, WQI by Richards (Sadashivaiah et al. 2008), Wilcox (Balachandar et al. 2010)

Parameters	Range	Water class
EC	< 250	Excellent
	250~750	Good
	750~2 250	Permissible
	> 2 250	Doubtful
SAR	0~10	Excellent
	10~18	Good
	18~26	Doubtful
	> 26	Unsuitable
MH	< 50	Suitable
MH	> 50	Harmful & Unsuitable
SSP	< 20	Excellent
	20~40	Good
	40~60	Permissible
	60~80	Doubtful
	> 80	Unsuitable
IWQI	85~100	Excellent
	70~85	Good
	50~70	Permissible
	40~55	Doubtful
	0~40	Severe

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Table 5. Classification of groundwater based on WQI in the investigation area

Samples ID	WQI	Water type
S-1	54.40	Good water
S-2	61.21	Good water
S-3	47.12	Excellent water
S-4	51.84	Good water
S-5	72.97	Good water
S-6	67.37	Good water
S-7	86.84	Good water
S-8	41.21	Excellent water
S-9	52.10	Good water
S-10	36.01	Excellent water
S-11	44.99	Excellent water
S-12	34.22	Excellent water
S-13	29.92	Excellent water
S-14	94.13	Good water
S-15	82.58	Good water
S-16	69.75	Good water
S-17	38.93	Excellent water
S-18	37.96	Excellent water
S-19	46.31	Excellent water
S-20	50.15	Good water
S-21	50.41	Good water
S-22	35.35	Excellent water
S-23	59.45	Good water
S-24	73.83	Good water
S-25	32.14	Excellent water
S-26	62.83	Good water
S-27	104.97	Poor Water
S-28	55.89	Good water
S-29	87.83	Good water
S-30	89.47	Good water
S-31	49.32	Excellent water
S-32	38.54	Excellent water
S-33	101.13	Poor Water
S-34	107.70	Poor Water
S-35	36.98	Excellent water

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