Distribution and controlling mechanisms of rare earth elements in geothermal waters of Xiamen, Southeastern China

Shuai-chao Wei; Wei Zhang; Ruo-xi Yuan; Feng Liu; Long Li; Xiao-xue Yan

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280104

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Wei SC, Zhang W, Yuan RX, et al. Distribution and controlling mechanisms of rare earth elements in geothermal waters of Xiamen, Southeastern China. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280104

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Distribution and controlling mechanisms of rare earth elements in geothermal waters of Xiamen, Southeastern China

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280104

Shuai-chao Wei^{1, 2, 3},
Wei Zhang^{1, 2},
Ruo-xi Yuan^{1, 2},
Feng Liu^{1, 2},
Long Li^{1, 2},
Xiao-xue Yan^{1, 2
,
,}

1.
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2.
Technology Innovation Center for Geothermal & Hot Dry Rock Exploration and Development, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China

More Information

Corresponding author: yanxue0928@126.com
Received Date: 2025-11-19
Accepted Date: 2026-05-28

Available Online: 2026-07-25

Abstract

Abstract

Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are effective tracers of fluid–rock interaction and fluid mixing in geothermal systems, but their behavior in coastal geothermal waters remains poorly constrained owing to the combined effects of seawater intrusion, high ionic strength, and complex ligand competition. In this study, five geothermal water samples from the Xiamen coastal geothermal system, southeastern China, were characterized by hydrochemical analysis, Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized REE patterns, anomaly indices, and PHREEQC speciation modeling to constrain the distribution and controls of dissolved REEs. Total dissolved REE concentrations (∑REE) range from 0.044 μg/L to 1.651 μg/L, with higher values in coastal waters than in the inland geothermal end-member. All samples show the fractionation pattern light rare earth elements (LREEs) > Middle Rare Earth Elements (MREEs) > Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREEs), whereas PAAS-normalized patterns indicate relative HREE enrichment and generally negative Ce anomalies. Eu anomalies vary systematically from positive in the inland geothermal water to weak or absent in coastal waters. Regional comparison suggests that deep water–rock interaction controls the overall REE source and abundance levels, whereas seawater mixing primarily modifies REE fractionation, anomaly signatures, and aqueous speciation. Speciation modeling further shows that REEs in coastal geothermal waters are mainly associated with fluoride-, sulfate-, and carbonate-bearing complexes, whereas carbonate complexes dominate in the inland sample. Overall, REE behavior in the Xiamen system is governed by the coupled effects of water–rock interaction and seawater mixing, providing new insight into REE migration and fractionation in fault-controlled coastal geothermal environments.
- Coastal geothermal water,
- Rare earth elements (REEs),
- Seawater mixing,
- Water–rock interaction,
- REE complexation

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References(80)

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