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Are impermeable curtains necessary for a groundwater contaminant remediation project?
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Abstract: Constructing impermeable curtains to contain contaminant in aquifers is a costly and complex process that can impact the structure integrity of aquifer systems. Are impermeable curtains necessary for a groundwater contaminant remediation project? This study evaluates the necessity of impermeable curtains for groundwater contaminant remediation projects. Specifically, it considers remediation efforts based on the Pump and Treat (PAT) technique under various hydrogeological conditions and contaminant properties, comparing the total remediation cost and effectiveness. To further investigate, a multi-objective simulation and optimization model, utilizing the Multi-Objective Fast Harmony Search (MOFHS) algorithm, was employed to identify optimal groundwater remediation system designs that without impermeable curtains. Both a two-dimensional (2-D) hypothetical example and a three-dimensional (3-D) field example were used to assess the necessity of constructing impermeable curtains. The 2-D hypothetical example demonstrated that the installation of impermeable curtain is justified only when the dispersivity (αL) of the contaminant reaches 100 meters. In most cases, particularly at sites with porosity (n) under 0.3, alternative, more cost-effective, and efficient remediation strategies may be available, making impermeable barriers unnecessary. The optimization results of the 3-D field example further corroborate the conclusions derived from the 2-D hypothetical example. These findings provide valuable guidance for more scientifically informed, reasonable, and cost-effective groundwater contaminant remediation projects.
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Figure 1. Flowchart of the MOSO model of optimal design of groundwater remediation system based on the MOFHS algorithm
Figure 2. Configuration of the 2-D hypothetical example (modified from Zheng and Wang, 2003)
Figure 3. Optimization results of S1 and S2 without impermeable curtains under different K
Figure 5. Optimization results of S1 and S2 without impermeable curtains under different n
Figure 6. Optimization results of S1 and S2 without impermeable curtains under different αL
Figure 7. Optimization results of S1 and S2 without impermeable curtains under different Tre
Figure 8. (a) Geographical location of the study area. (b) Hydrogeological profile of the study area
Figure 9. (a) Optimization results without impermeable curtains of the 3-D field example. (b) Initial contaminant plumes of aquifer 1 and aquifer 2. (c) Residual contaminant plumes of aquifer 1 and aquifer 2 under the remediation scheme of solution 12
Table 1. Input parameters of flow and transport models for 2-D hypothetical example (Harbaugh AW and McDonald MG, 1996)
Parameters Value Specific yield (-) 0.2 Storage coefficient of S2 (-) 10−4 Aquifer thickness of S1 (m) 5 Aquifer thickness of S2 (m) 10 Average head of S1 and S2 (m) 9 
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Table 2. Cases settings and parameters for S1 and S2
Cases Parameters K (m/d) n (-) αL (m) Tre (d) Case1 1 0.2 50 365 Case2 5 0.2 50 365 Case3 10 0.2 50 365 Case4 5 0.1 50 365 Case5 5 0.3 50 365 Case6 5 0.2 25 365 Case7 5 0.2 100 365 Case8 5 0.2 50 180 Case9 5 0.2 50 730
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Table 3. Calculation results of S1 and S2 under construction of impermeable curtains
Parameter Value (S1) Value (S2) p1 (CNY/m3) 100 100 p2 (CNY/m2) 400 (±50%) 400 (±50%) Q (×105 m3) 0.96 1.92 fPAT (Mio. CNY) 9.6 19.2 Area of impermeable curtain (×103 m2) 6.8 13.6 fCIC (Mio. CNY) 1.36–4.08 2.72–8.16 fT (Mio. CNY) 10.96–13.68 21.92–27.36
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Table 4. Input parameters of the 3-D field example
Parameters Value Hydraulic conductivity of aquifer 1, 2 (m/d) 1.5 Porosity (-) 0.3 Specific yield (-) 0.2 Storage coefficient (-) 10−4 Dispersivity (m) 20 Aquifer thickness of aquifer 1 (m) 3 Aquifer thickness of aquifer 2 (m) 8 Remediation period (d) 200
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