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Evaluation of the effect of ultrasonic waves on nitrate removal from aqueous solutions using Zinc- and Iron- coated activated carbon
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Abstract: Nitrate contamination in water represents a significant threat to both public health and the environment. While ultrasonic technology has emerged as an eco-friendly approach with potential for enhancing nitrate removal, its full capacity remains underexplored. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of ultrasound in improving nitrate removal from aqueous solutions using biochar derived from rice straw, modified with Fe3+ and Zn2+ as cationic bridges. Conducted at the water quality laboratory of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, the experiments revealed that iron-coated biochar treatments (BF and BFU) exhibited outstanding performance in nitrate removal. Ultrasound application significantly enhanced nitrate removal efficiency, with the combination of ultrasonic waves and iron-coated biochar (BFU) achieving a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 3.664 mg/g, which surpassed non-sonicated treatments (BF: 3.345 mg/g) and reduced equilibrium time by 92% (from 60 min to 5 min). Furthermore, ultrasonic treatment improved the performance of Zn2+-coated biochar (BZU), boosting removal rates by more than 25% through cavitation-induced particle fragmentation and enhanced mass transfer. Mechanistic analysis indicated that ultrasound facilitates the homogenization of the adsorption surface, favoring Langmuir-type monolayer adsorption (R2 > 0.95), while the cationic bridges (Fe3+/Zn2+) strengthened electrostatic interactions with nitrate ions. Under optimized conditions, the combination of ultrasound and cation-modified biochar achieved over 90% nitrate removal, presenting a promising, energy-efficient, and sustainable solution for water treatment. These findings demonstrate the potential of ultrasonic-assisted, cation-modified biochar as a highly effective strategy for mitigating nitrate contamination in water systems.
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Key words:
- Biochar /
- Iron coating /
- Langmuir model /
- Water quality /
- Zinc coating
BFU: Biochar coated with Fe3+ combined with ultrasonic treatment
U: Ultrasonic without adsorbent
BZU: Biochar coated with Zn2+ combined with ultrasonic treatment
BZ: Biochar coated with Zn2+
B: Treatments using biochar adsorbent
BF: Biochar coated with Fe3+
注释:1) List of nonstandard abbreviations: -
Figure 1. The amounts of nitrate adsorbed by B, BZ, and BF from solutions at different time intervals
Figure 2. The amounts of Nitrate adsorbed by the B, BU, BZ, BZU, BF and BFU from solutions at different pH
Figure 3. The Amounts of nitrate adsorbed by B, BU, BZ, BZU, BF and BFU from solutions at different adsorbent doses
Figure 4. The efficiency values and adsorption capacity at different nitrate concentrations
Figure 5. The amount of nitrate adsorbed by B, BU, BZ, BZU, BF, and BFU from solutions at different initial nitrate concentrations
Table 1. Nitrate adsorption values in 6 different concentrations by experimental treatment
Initial
concentration
(mg/L)BF BFU BZ BZU B BU Ce** (mg/L) qe*
(mg/g)Ce (mg/L) qe (mg/g) Ce (mg/L) qe (mg/g) Ce (mg/L) qe (mg/g) Ce (mg/L) qe (mg/g) Ce (mg/L) qe (mg/g) 20 0.03 0.79 0.19 0.79 4.48 0.62 13.81 0.82 12.48 0.30 13.24 0.90 45 1.16 1.75 1.36 1.74 21.14 0.95 35.28 1.29 36.43 0.34 24.28 2.76 80 6.40 2.94 5.27 2.98 53.87 1.04 54.21 3.43 60.74 0.77 39.98 5.33 100 8.57 3.65 14.73 3.41 74.00 1.03 64.18 4.77 77.20 0.91 49.67 6.71 150 23.78 5.04 36.81 4.52 112.06 1.51 64.71 11.37 107.75 1.68 87.49 8.33 200 46.14 6.15 49.96 6.00 151.51 1.93 129.02 9.46 122.79 3.08 105.88 12.54 Notes: qe* is the amount of nitrate adsorbed per unit weight of biochar
Ce** is the equilibrium concentration of nitrate in solution
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Table 2. The values obtained for Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters and the correlation coefficient of nitrate adsorbed in different treatments
Isotherms parameters Treatment Langmuir Freundlich qm b R2 kf nf R2 BF 3.345 8.491 0.894 1909.414 3.641 0.985 BFU 3.664 1.405 0.95 1484.22 2.942 0.981 BZ 1.341 0.184 0.806 386.63 3.562 0.856 BZU - - 0.886 26.24 0.795 0.799 B 1.632 0.016 0.713 18.488 1.047 0.806 BU - - 0.946 56.48 0.852 0.944
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Table 3. Percentage of nitrate removal in different treatments and experiments
Nitrate removal percentage pH BF BFU BZ BZU B BU 2 74.39 71.70 30.19 13.99 14.75 38.91 4 84.37 76.94 22.55 24.06 4.82 33.58 6 76.49 74.30 15.03 20.29 1.50 16.67 7 82.97 77.96 11.46 18.01 1.40 9.79 8 80.11 73.59 5.91 20.23 0.96 9.15 10 65.49 72.42 16.18 27.34 7.61 26.43 Adsorbent Dosage (gr) 0.1 22.11 42.12 14.58 6.239 24.79 26.31 0.3 60.57 67.65 19.20 54.46 24.96 38.87 0.5 80.19 85.26 23.04 51.77 25.53 32.19 0.8 92.42 92.34 27.77 36.76 26.16 20.48 1 94.02 96.72 32.90 50.59 27.18 19.91 Initial nitrate concentrations 20 99.81 99.04 77.55 30.90 37.58 33.76 45 97.40 96.95 53.01 21.59 19.02 46.03 80 91.99 93.41 32.66 32.23 24.06 50.01 100 91.42 85.26 25.99 35.81 22.79 50.32 150 84.14 75.45 25.29 56.85 28.16 41.67 200 76.92 75.01 24.24 35.48 38.60 47.05
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