Zhuang Wang; Jun-nan Li; Ge-su Tao; Chao-zhu Li

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280095

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280095

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-03-04
- 录用日期: 2026-05-18
- 网络出版日期: 2026-06-15

Identification of the effects of shallow-buried mining on the hydrochemical evolution of phreatic groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions: A case study of the Ten Tributaries Basin

Zhuang Wang¹,
Jun-nan Li^{2, 3},
Ge-su Tao⁴,
Chao-zhu Li^{2, 3
, ,}

1.
Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
2.
Command Center of Natural Resource Comprehensive Survey, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100055, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China
4.
Ordos Institute of Geological Survey and Monitoring, Ordos 017000, Inner Mongolia, China

More Information

Corresponding author: lichzh@163.com

摘要

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Abstract: Revealing the evolution of phreatic water hydrochemistry under natural processes and mining activities in shallowly buried mining areas of arid and semi-arid regions is key to identifying the impacts of mining on groundwater. Taking the Ten Tributaries Basin in the upper Yellow River as the study area, this study combined ion ratios, stable isotope tracing, and the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model to reveal and quantify the effects of coal mining (recharge area) and mirabilite mining (discharge area) on phreatic water chemistry. Results show that mining activities are the key anthropogenic factor driving the spatial differentiation of phreatic water chemistry, with influence intensity exhibiting significant spatial heterogeneity. In undisturbed areas, natural dissolution processes contribute more than 80% of the hydrochemical composition, dominated by carbonate dissolution. However, in mining-affected areas, groundwater chemistry deviates from natural evolutionary pathways, characterized by enhanced dissolved-ion input and more complex ionic compositions. In recharge areas, coal mining mainly promotes carbonate dissolution and vadose-zone disturbance, increasing TDS by factors of 1.96 and 1.88, respectively, relative to natural conditions. In discharge areas, mirabilite mining is dominated by evaporite dissolution and deep saline-water mixing, leading to TDS increases by the factors of 4.41 and 3.24, respectively. These mining effects are superimposed on the pathway-controlled groundwater flow system, resulting in distinct spatial differentiation of groundwater hydrochemistry. The improved CMB model effectively quantifies the impacts of mining disturbances on groundwater chemistry. The results provide scientific support for groundwater resource management and ecological protection in shallowly buried mining areas of arid and semi-arid regions.
- Mineral deposit mining /
- Hydrogeochemistry /
- Leaching /
- Flow path /
- Chemical Mass Balance /
- Contribution rate

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Figure 1. Location of the study area and the geological and geomorphological zoning map.

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Figure 2. Hydrogeological setting of the study area

(a) Division of the Ten Tributaries units and phreatic water flow field; (b) Stratigraphic profile of the Hashila River, modified from Wu (2016).

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Figure 3. Land use types and groundwater sampling distribution under mining influence in the study area

(a) Land use classification; (b) Distribution of sampling points and extent of mining impact.

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Figure 4. Spatial distribution of phreatic water physicochemical parameters in the Ten Tributaries Basin

(a) pH; (b) TDS; (c) Total hardness (TH).

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Figure 5. Piper diagram of phreatic water in the Ten Tributaries Basin

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Figure 6. Correlation diagrams of phreatic water chemical components in the Ten Tributaries Basin

(a) Recharge area; (b) Runoff area; (c) Discharge area; (d) Transition area; (e) Coal mining area; (f) Mirabilite mining area

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Figure 7. Gibbs diagrams of phreatic water in the Ten Tributaries Basin

(a) TDS vs Na⁺/(Na⁺ + Ca²⁺); (b) TDS vs Cl⁻/(Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻)

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Figure 8. Relationships between SO₄²⁻/Ca²⁺ and NO₃⁻/Ca²⁺ in phreatic water of the Ten Tributaries Basin

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Figure 9. End-member diagrams of ion ratios in phreatic water of the Ten Tributaries Basin

(a) Mg²⁺/Na⁺ vs Ca²⁺/Na⁺; (b) HCO₃⁻/Na⁺ vs Ca²⁺/Na⁺

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Figure 10. Ion combination diagrams of phreatic water in the Ten Tributaries Basin

(a) Na⁺ + K⁺ vs Cl⁻; (b) HCO₃⁻ + SO₄²⁻ vs Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺; (c) HCO₃⁻ vs Cl⁻ + SO₄²⁻

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Figure 11. Identification of cation exchange processes in phreatic water of the Ten Tributaries Basin

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Figure 12. δ¹⁸O–δD and TDS–d diagrams of phreatic water in the Ten Tributaries Basin

(a) δD vs δ¹⁸O; (b) d-excess vs TDS

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Figure 13. Contribution rates of groundwater ion components from different end-members

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Figure 14. Analysis of contribution rates of major controlling factors on groundwater chemistry

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Figure 15. Differences in end-member contributions among the Tributaries

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Figure 16. Relationship between SO₄²⁻ and Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ in phreatic water of the recharge areas of the Ten Tributaries

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Figure 17. Schematic diagram of phreatic water evolution under mining influence

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Table 1. Statistical summary of phreatic water chemical component analyses in the Ten Tributaries Basin

Water sample type	Statistic	pH	TDS	TH	Na⁺	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl⁻	HCO₃⁻	SO₄²⁻
Recharge area	Max	8.57	791.00	523.97	193.82	10.87	104.81	68.22	214.82	519.89	205.50
	Min	6.70	243.54	177.66	12.20	0.41	33.70	9.12	12.40	116.50	9.13
	Mean	8.03	529.83	292.19	77.77	2.93	67.68	36.31	66.56	283.84	93.33
	SD	0.58	174.88	108.29	46.95	2.67	23.29	16.72	52.15	112.47	59.71
	CV	0.07	0.33	0.37	0.60	0.91	0.34	0.46	0.78	0.40	0.64
Runoff area	Max	8.58	1,440.00	645.08	310.00	6.21	119.84	84.03	220.50	552.84	281.50
	Min	7.94	227.13	172.16	9.96	1.43	30.06	20.43	12.76	62.24	44.67
	Mean	8.30	586.41	293.47	85.93	3.72	55.61	36.72	69.20	257.13	118.05
	SD	0.17	375.28	154.12	94.86	1.54	26.34	23.26	69.24	153.88	77.28
	CV	0.02	0.64	0.53	1.10	0.41	0.47	0.63	1.00	0.60	0.65
Discharge area	Max	8.53	1,093.02	624.90	261.64	8.81	127.00	79.53	176.90	856.11	233.43
	Min	8.04	366.00	238.20	45.60	3.19	22.44	27.50	38.30	231.50	36.02
	Mean	8.30	789.33	422.96	131.29	4.72	70.48	59.88	88.83	486.00	107.37
	SD	0.17	206.20	126.74	80.16	1.74	33.63	19.29	44.09	198.92	62.49
	CV	0.02	0.26	0.30	0.61	0.37	0.48	0.32	0.50	0.41	0.58
Transition area	Max	8.79	3,990.36	1,176.06	983.64	14.50	188.38	171.39	1,090.18	689.60	1,301.67
	Min	6.87	323.98	215.19	20.50	1.54	20.64	12.52	27.65	152.60	9.13
	Mean	8.13	1,049.56	471.78	200.79	4.40	84.67	63.20	189.20	430.55	187.98
	SD	0.45	725.07	217.04	214.16	2.56	42.13	36.10	247.93	137.64	236.26
	CV	0.05	0.69	0.46	1.07	0.58	0.50	0.57	1.31	0.32	1.26
Coal mining area	Max	8.43	3,656.05	1,776.60	690.12	7.45	438.07	213.93	736.65	568.71	1,781.99
	Min	7.70	344.50	229.20	34.30	1.27	47.30	26.70	33.32	161.00	69.50
	Mean	8.08	1,634.39	873.47	219.67	3.62	179.33	103.37	258.04	388.61	578.21
	SD	0.29	1,165.81	613.51	212.39	2.20	128.55	81.03	234.01	141.20	577.90
	CV	0.04	0.71	0.70	0.97	0.61	0.72	0.78	0.91	0.36	1.00
Mirabilite mining area	Max	9.54	13,038.79	3,016.21	3,584.87	85.04	441.88	536.26	3,178.09	1,083.72	5,609.90
	Min	8.11	764.02	52.55	118.71	0.87	6.76	7.29	72.68	274.58	4.80
	Mean	8.69	2,995.37	798.65	790.96	12.87	100.80	132.86	747.26	547.63	869.17
	SD	0.59	4,264.77	1,130.73	1,121.12	25.69	138.93	198.15	1,098.93	301.55	1,766.05
	CV	0.07	1.42	1.42	1.42	2.00	1.38	1.49	1.47	0.55	2.03
Note: The CV and pH are dimensionless; water temperature is in °C; all other components are in mg/L.

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Table 2. Results of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses of groundwater

Water sample type	ISO01	ISO02	ISO03	ISO04	ISO05	ISO06	ISO07	ISO08	ISO09	ISO10	ISO11
δD (‰)	−72.80	−67.21	−54.30	−61.93	−56.00	−70.91	−70.31	−67.82	−67.52	−63.24	−58.25
δ¹⁸O (‰)	−10.26	−9.52	−8.24	−7.96	−7.43	−9.34	−10.11	−9.95	−8.96	−8.12	−8.05

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Table 3. Contribution rates of different end-members to groundwater components in various regions (%)

Subarea	Silicate dissolution	Carbonate dissolution	Evaporite dissolution	Meteoric water	Mining activity
Recharge area	33.85	36.97	21.31	2.07	5.80
Runoff area	34.97	37.23	21.33	2.73	3.74
Discharge area	24.82	37.48	30.58	1.70	5.42
Transition area	28.35	29.78	24.84	1.96	15.07
Coal mining area	25.02	28.59	17.80	1.26	27.33
Mirabilite mining area	20.73	17.06	34.81	1.08	26.32
Whole basin	28.47	30.95	24.89	1.86	13.83

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[4]	Yi-jie Zong, Li-hua Chen, Jian-jun Liu, Yue-hui Liu, Yong-xin Xu, Fu-wan Gan, Liang Xiao2022: Analytical solutions for constant-rate test in bounded confined aquifers with non-Darcian effect, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 10, 311-321. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.04.001
[5]	Zhang Han, Chen Zong-yu, Tang Chang-yuan2021: Quantifying groundwater recharge and discharge for the middle reach of Heihe River of China using isotope mass balance method, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 9, 225-232. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.03.005
[6]	ZHOU Hao, WU Yong, HUANG Feng, TANG Xue-fang2021: Experimental simulation and dynamic model analysis of Cadmium (Cd) release in soil affected by rainfall leaching in a coal-mining area, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 9, 65-72. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.01.006
[7]	Rabiranjan Prusty, Trinath Biswal2020: Physico-chemical, bacteriological and health hazard effect analysis of the water in Taladanda Canal, Paradip area, Odisha, India, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 338-348. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.04.004
[8]	Nouayti Abderrahime, Khattach Driss, Hilali Mohamed, Nouayti Nordine2019: Mapping potential areas for groundwater storage in the High Guir Basin (Morocco):Contribution of remote sensing and geographic information system, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 7, 309-322. doi: DOI: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2019.04.002
[9]	MA Bai-heng, LIU Shuo, WANG Xin-zhou, ZHAI Xing, LI Hong-chao, LI Chen-xi2018: A preliminary study on the spatial distribution characteristics and causes of strontium-rich mineral water in the Dushan complex, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 6, 115-125. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2018.02.005
[10]	LIU Yan-guang, LIU Bing, LU Chuan, ZHU Xi, WANG Gui-ling2017: Reconstruction of deep fluid chemical constituents for estimation of geothermal reservoir temperature using chemical geothermometers, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5, 173-181.
[11]	LIU Qi, JIANG Si-min, PU Ye-feng, ZHANG Wei2016: Hydro-geochemical simulation of the mixing balance of exploitation and reinjection of geothermal fluid, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 81-87.
[12]	ZHOU Xun, WANG Xiao-cui, CAO Qin, LONG Mi, ZHENG Yu-hui, GUO Juan, SHEN Xiao-wei, ZHANG Yu-qi, TA Ming-ming, CUI Xiang-fei2016: A discussion of up-flow springs, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 279-283.
[13]	LIU Jin-hui, SUN Zhan-xue, SHI Wei-jun, ZHOU Yi-peng2015: Factors influencing in-situ leaching of uranium mining in a sandstone deposit in Shihongtan, Northwest China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 16-20.
[14]	YI Qing, GE Li-qiang, CHENG Yan-pei, DONG Hua, LIU Kun, ZHANG Jian-kang, YUE Chen2015: Compilation of Groundwater Quality Map and study of hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in Asia, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 176-185.
[15]	ZHANG Chun-chao, WANG Wen-Ke, SUN Yi-bo, LI Xiang-quan，HOU Xin-wei2015: Processes of hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in the Guanzhong Basin, China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 136-146.
[16]	FEI Yu-hong, ZHANG Zhao-ji, LI Ya-song, GUO Chun-yan, TIAN Xia2015: Quality evaluation of groundwater in the North China Plain, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 3, 306-315.
[17]	HAN Mei, JIA Na, LI Ke, ZHAO Guo-xing, LIU Bing-bing, LIU Sheng-hua, LIU Jie2014: Analysis of bromate and bromide in drinking water by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 2, 48-53.
[18]	Kudryavtsev S A, Kazharskii A V, Goncharova E D, Berestianyi I B2014: Study of moisture migration in clay soils considering rate of freezing, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 2, 35-40.
[19]	ZHANG Cheng, Mahippong Worakul, WANG Jin-liang, PU Jun-bing, LYU Yong, ZHANG Qiang, HUANG Qi-bo2014: Hydrogeochemical Features of Karst in the Western Thailand, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 2, 18-26.
[20]	Zong-jun Gao, Yong-gui Liu2013: Groundwater Flow Driven by Heat, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 1, 22-27.