Groundwater contamination risk from refinery-derived water-soluble fractions: A comprehensive assessment of organic carbon, hydrocarbons, and oxygenated organic compounds

Jiu-hao Song; Wang Yu; Wei Zhou; Jia-yi An; Feng Xiong; Jin-hui Cao; Qi Gao; Yu-ping Zhang; Jian-hui Ma; Jie Ma

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280087

Volume 14 Issue 3

Sep. 2026

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Article Navigation > Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering > 2026 > 14(3): 356-381

Song JH, Yu W, Zhou W, et al. 2026. Groundwater contamination risk from refinery-derived water-soluble fractions: A comprehensive assessment of organic carbon, hydrocarbons, and oxygenated organic compounds. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 14(3): 356-381 doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280087

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Groundwater contamination risk from refinery-derived water-soluble fractions: A comprehensive assessment of organic carbon, hydrocarbons, and oxygenated organic compounds

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280087

Jiu-hao Song^{1, 2},
Wang Yu^{1, 2},
Wei Zhou^{1, 2},
Jia-yi An^{1, 2},
Feng Xiong^{1, 2},
Jin-hui Cao^{1, 2},
Qi Gao³,
Yu-ping Zhang³,
Jian-hui Ma³,
Jie Ma^{1, 2
,
,}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
2.
College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
3.
Qingyang Petrochemical Branch, PetroChina Company Limited, Qingyang 745000, Gansu, China

More Information

Corresponding author: rubpmj@sina.com

S1Concentration of OCOCs in some oil samples.

Oil WSFs samples	MTBE (mg/g-oil)	TAME (mg/g-oil)
Note: "ND" indicates not detected (below the method detection limit).
Etherified gasoline	ND	312.6
Raffinate oil-2	18.9	0.2
Alkylated oil	0.1	ND
Refined naphtha	0.3	0.1
Reformulated gasoline	7.1	0.8
Refined heavy gasoline	6.0	114.2

S2NPOC recovery from standard aqueous solutions of MTBE and TAME.

MTBE			TAME
Nominal concentration (mg/L)	Measured concentration (mg/L)	\begin{document}$ \dfrac{\bf{Measured}~\bf{concentration}}{\bf{Nominal}~\bf{concentration}} $\end{document}	Nominal concentration (mg/L)	Measured concentration (mg/L)	\begin{document}$ \dfrac{\bf{Measured}~\bf{concentration}}{\bf{Nominal}~\bf{concentration}} $\end{document}
5	3.66	73.2%	5	2.01
10	6.24	62.4%	10	4.11	41.1%
20	15.93	79.7%	20	6.76	33.8%
50	32.28	64.6%	50	17.71	35.4%
100	66.32	66.3%	100	34.32	34.3%

S1Schematic diagram of the slow-stirring experimental setup.S2The carbon number distribution 25 oil samples.S3The groups distribution of VPH within 25 oil samples.

Received Date: 2025-07-15
Accepted Date: 2026-04-10

Available Online: 2026-07-30

Publish Date: 2026-09-15

Abstract

Abstract

Petroleum products can contaminate groundwater through dissolution of their Water-Soluble Fractions (WSFs), yet the composition and dissolution behavior of WSFs from different refined products remain insufficiently understood. In this study, oil-water equilibrium WSFs of 25 refined petroleum products from the same refinery were generated using a slow-stirring method and analyzed for Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Volatile Petroleum Hydrocarbons (VPH), Extractable Petroleum Hydrocarbons (EPH), and Ooxygen-Containing Organic Compounds (OCOCs). The results showed that the dissolved organic concentrations of WSFs varied by 1–2 orders of magnitude among different product types. Gasoline, naphtha, and atmospheric residues produced WSFs with relatively high TOC and TPH concentrations, dominated by C6-C9 aromatic hydrocarbons. In contrast, kerosene, diesel, and most gasoline blending components exhibited much lower dissolved hydrocarbon concentrations. In several gasoline-related products, oxygenated additives such as Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) and Tert-Amyl Methyl Ether (TAME) were detected at high levels and dominated the dissolved organic composition, resulting in elevated OCOCs/TPH ratios. In addition, butane was identified as a characteristic dissolved compound in the WSF of alkylated oil. These results demonstrate pronounced differences in the chemical composition and distribution patterns of dissolved constituents among refined petroleum products.
- Groundwater remediation,
- Molecular composition,
- Petroleum hydrocarbons,
- Risk assessment,
- Contaminated site

Concentration of OCOCs in some oil samples.

Oil WSFs samples	MTBE (mg/g-oil)	TAME (mg/g-oil)
Note: "ND" indicates not detected (below the method detection limit).
Etherified gasoline	ND	312.6
Raffinate oil-2	18.9	0.2
Alkylated oil	0.1	ND
Refined naphtha	0.3	0.1
Reformulated gasoline	7.1	0.8
Refined heavy gasoline	6.0	114.2

NPOC recovery from standard aqueous solutions of MTBE and TAME.

MTBE			TAME
Nominal concentration (mg/L)	Measured concentration (mg/L)	$ \dfrac{\bf{Measured}~\bf{concentration}}{\bf{Nominal}~\bf{concentration}} $	Nominal concentration (mg/L)	Measured concentration (mg/L)	$ \dfrac{\bf{Measured}~\bf{concentration}}{\bf{Nominal}~\bf{concentration}} $
5	3.66	73.2%	5	2.01
10	6.24	62.4%	10	4.11	41.1%
20	15.93	79.7%	20	6.76	33.8%
50	32.28	64.6%	50	17.71	35.4%
100	66.32	66.3%	100	34.32	34.3%

Schematic diagram of the slow-stirring experimental setup.

The carbon number distribution 25 oil samples.

The groups distribution of VPH within 25 oil samples.

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References(55)

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