Estimation of the water potential index under dynamic hydromorphological conditions on ephemeral river watersheds

Dinagarapandi Pandi; Muthukrishna Vellaisamy Kumarasamy; PL Meyyappan; M. Pallikonda Rajasekaran; K Rajesh

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280094

Volume 14 Issue 4

Dec. 2026

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Pandi D, Kumarasamy MV, Meyyappan P, Rajasekaran MP, Rajesh K. 2026: Estimation of the water potential index under dynamic hydromorphological conditions on ephemeral river watersheds. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 14(4): 555-581. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280094

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Estimation of the water potential index under dynamic hydromorphological conditions on ephemeral river watersheds

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2026.9280094

1.
Department of Civil Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India
2.
Discipline of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
3.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India
4.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India

More Information

Corresponding author: dinagarapandi@gmail.com

Major terms
Aster-GDEM v3	Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model Version 3
AHP	Analytical Hierarchy Process
GIS	Geographic Information System
GSI	Geological Survey of India
GPI	Groundwater Potential Index
LULC	Land Use/Land Cover
MCDM	Multi-Criteria Decision-Making
NBSS- LUP	National Bureau of Soil Survey-Land Use Planning
PERSIANN	Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks
ROC	Receiver Operating Characteristic
SWAT	Soil and Water Assessment Tool
SWPI	Surface Water Potential Index
VGV	Vaigai, Gundar, and Vaippar
Notations
Cc	Constant Channel Maintenance
Dd	Drainage density
Di	Dissection index
Fs	Stream frequency
Gr	Gradient Ratio
H	Relief ratio
Lb	Watershed length
Lg	Length of overland flow
Msl	Mean stream length
O	Stream order
Rb	Mean Bifurcation ratio
Rc	Circulatory ratio
Re	Elongation ratio
Rf	Form factor
Rn	Ruggedness number
SLR	Stream length ratio
T	Drainage texture
Tsl	Total stream length
Wr	Watershed relief
CR	Consistency Ratio
Ci	Consistency Index
Ri	Random Index
NR	Normalized Weight
GM	Geometric Mean
FM	Fuzzy Mean Matrix
FNR	Fuzzy Normalized Weight
WNR	Overall Normalized Weight Index
Greek letter
λ	eigenvalues of thematic data
Subscripts
n	number of thematic classes
f	Fuzzy sets
I	Index for Consistency Index and Random Index

Received Date: 2025-01-21
Accepted Date: 2026-04-15

Available Online: 2026-10-10

Publish Date: 2026-12-15

Abstract

Abstract

Land morphology and water resources are typically linked through hydromorphological processes, particularly in ephemeral river systems. This study used the Vaigai, Gundar, and Vaippar watersheds in Tamil Nadu, India, as a case study to investigate this link. Land terrain morphology was analysed using the morphometric analysis. Empirical models were developed using morphological parameters to estimate runoff and sediment rates. The water resources, specifically runoff and groundwater, were quantified using an overall water potential index derived from the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) technique. The MCDM technique employed the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in combination with fuzzy set theory. Seven hydromorphological thematic layers—lithology, lineament density, geomorphology, soil, land use, drainage density, and slope were addressed using the fuzzy-AHP method. Hydrogeological models incoporated available aquifer properties of the subsurface structure, derived from GIS-based weighted overlay and hydrological analysis. A significant finding of morphometric analysis was the identification of high runoff and sediment rates at the smallest sub-watersheds. Furthermore, the water potential index indicated a high surface water (runoff) potential associated with vertisol in the soil and hornblende-biotite gneiss in the lithology, particularly in the Vaippar and Gundar downstream sub-watersheds. The Vaigai and Gundar downstream sub-watersheds had a significant groundwater potential due to their mild slopes and dynamic floodplains. The surface water and groundwater potential indices showed 71% and 87% efficiency, respectively, when compared to runoff from the empirical model and field groundwater recharge. Similar patterns of high potential were observed in downstream watersheds from the hydrogeological models. These findings may help alleviate the depletion of surface and subsurface water resources in sub-watersheds by identifying sites for rainwater harvesting for future climatic scenarios.
- Watersheds,
- Water resources,
- Multi-criteria decision-making,
- Fuzzy set,
- Analytical hierarchy process,
- Rainwater harvesting

Major terms
Aster-GDEM v3	Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model Version 3
AHP	Analytical Hierarchy Process
GIS	Geographic Information System
GSI	Geological Survey of India
GPI	Groundwater Potential Index
LULC	Land Use/Land Cover
MCDM	Multi-Criteria Decision-Making
NBSS- LUP	National Bureau of Soil Survey-Land Use Planning
PERSIANN	Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks
ROC	Receiver Operating Characteristic
SWAT	Soil and Water Assessment Tool
SWPI	Surface Water Potential Index
VGV	Vaigai, Gundar, and Vaippar
Notations
Cc	Constant Channel Maintenance
Dd	Drainage density
Di	Dissection index
Fs	Stream frequency
Gr	Gradient Ratio
H	Relief ratio
Lb	Watershed length
Lg	Length of overland flow
Msl	Mean stream length
O	Stream order
Rb	Mean Bifurcation ratio
Rc	Circulatory ratio
Re	Elongation ratio
Rf	Form factor
Rn	Ruggedness number
SLR	Stream length ratio
T	Drainage texture
Tsl	Total stream length
Wr	Watershed relief
CR	Consistency Ratio
Ci	Consistency Index
Ri	Random Index
NR	Normalized Weight
GM	Geometric Mean
FM	Fuzzy Mean Matrix
FNR	Fuzzy Normalized Weight
WNR	Overall Normalized Weight Index
Greek letter
λ	eigenvalues of thematic data
Subscripts
n	number of thematic classes
f	Fuzzy sets
I	Index for Consistency Index and Random Index

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References(76)

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[7]	Muthamilselvan A Dr, Sekar Anamika, Ignatius Emmanuel, 2022: Identification of groundwater potential in hard rock aquifer systems using Remote Sensing, GIS and Magnetic Survey in Veppanthattai, Perambalur, Tamilnadu, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 10, 367-380. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.04.005
[8]	Wondesen Fikade Niway, Dagnachew Daniel Molla, Tarun Kumar Lohani, 2022: Holistic approach of GIS based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and WetSpass models to evaluate groundwater potential in Gelana watershed of Ethiopia, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 10, 138-152. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.02.004
[9]	Fei Gao, Feng Liu, Hua-jun Wang, 2021: Numerical modelling of the dynamic process of oil displacement by water in sandstone reservoirs with random pore structures, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 9, 233-244. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.03.006
[10]	Chun-lei Liu, Jian-hua Zheng, Zheng-hong Li, Ya-song Li, Qi-chen Hao, Jian-feng Li, 2021: Analysis on the situation and countermeasures of water resources supply and demand in the cities of small and medium-sized river basins along southeast coast of China — taking Xiamen City as an example, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 9, 350-358. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2021.04.008
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[14]	GUO Long-zhu, 2016: Study on ecological and economic effects of land and water resources allocation in Sanjiang Plain, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 110-119.
[15]	MENG Rui-fang, YANG Hui-feng, LIU Chun-lei, 2016: Evaluation of water resources carrying capacity of Gonghe basin based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 213-219.
[16]	XIA Ri-yuan, 2016: Groundwater resources in karst area in Southern China and sustainable utilization pattern, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 301-309.
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