Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering

Exploring the groundwater response to rainfall in a translational landslide using the master recession curve method and cross-correlation function

Cheng-peng Ling, Qiang Zhang

2024, 12(3): 237-252. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280018

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Abstract:
Rainfall is a common trigger for landslide reactivation, as it raises groundwater levels and reduces bedrock or soil shear resistance. This study focuses on the Kualiangzi landslide in the southern region of Sichuan Province, China. Real-time monitoring of groundwater levels and rainfall from July 2013 to September 2016 is analyzed. Groundwater table increments, considering groundwater drainage rate, were calculated using the water-table fluctuation and master recession curve method and the response time of the groundwater table to rainfall events was estimated using the cross-correlation function. Results reveal that groundwater level declines from tension troughs to landslide fronts in the rainy season, with a significant positive correlation between the groundwater level in the tension trough and landslide surface displacement. Evaluated spring elevations for groundwater discharge range from 410 m to 440 m, which is in agreement with the actual spring elevations (390–423 m). Lag times of groundwater response to rainfall decreases with cumulative rainfall of the rainy periods. In the middle part of the landslide, two responses between rainfall and groundwater levels indicate two water movement pathways: Vertical cracks or fractures resulting from the slow landslide movement, and matrix pore space in unconsolidated sediment. Variations in peak values of the cross-correlation function suggest early dominance of the uniform matrix flow and later dominance of preferential flow during the rainy period.

Variations in evaporation from water surfaces along the margins of the Badain Jaran Desert over nearly 60 years and influencing factors

Li-juan Wang, Zhe Wang, Gao-lei Jiang, Zhen-long Nie, Jian-mei Shen, Sheng-hua Song

2024, 12(3): 253-263. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280019

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Abstract:
Based on meteorological data collected over nearly 60 years (1960–2017) from four national meteorological stations along the margins of the Badain Jaran Desert, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in evaporation from water surfaces and identified the dominant controlling factors. Methods used included linear trend analysis, linear tendency estimation, the departure method, the rank correlation coefficient-based method, and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Results indicate notable spatiotemporal differences in evaporation distribution and evolution. Spatially, average annual evaporation exhibited a pronounced altitude effect, decreasing at a rate of about 8.23 mm/m from east to west with increasing altitude. Temporally, annual evaporation showed significant upward trends after 1996 at the northeastern (Guaizi Lake) and western (Dingxin) margins, with rates of 132 mm/10a and 105 mm/10a, respectively. Conversely, along the northwestern (Ejina Banner) and southern (Alxa Right Banner) margins of the desert, an evaporation paradox was observed, with annual evaporation trending downward at rates of 162 mm/10a and 187 mm/10a, respectively, especially after 1987. The dominant factors controlling evaporation varied spatially: Average annual temperature and relative humidity influended the western margin (Dingxin), average annual temperature was the key factor for the northeastern margin (Guaizi Lake), and average wind speed was crucial for the northern (Ejina Banner) and southern (Alxa Right Banner) margins.

Application of hydrochemistry and strontium isotope for understanding the hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of strontium-rich groundwater in karst area, Gongcheng County, Southwest China

Mi Tang, Jun Lv, Shi Yu, Yan Liu, Shao-hong You, Ping-ping Jiang

2024, 12(3): 264-280. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280020

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Abstract:
Understanding the hydrochemical characteristics and genesis mechanisms of strontium-rich groundwater is pivotal for supporting the exploitation and utilization of natural strontium-rich groundwater. In this research, 27 groundwater samples were collected. By analyzing major ion chemistry and strontium isotope data, and considering the hydrogeological context, various analytical approaches, including multivariate statistics, ion ratios, and isotopes, were used to reveal the characteristics and genesis mechanisms of strontium-rich groundwater in the study area. The findings indicate that the predominant hydrochemical type of groundwater is HCO₃-Ca, with Ca²⁺ and HCO₃⁻ as the primary cations and anions. The hydrochemistry of the strontium-rich groundwater is predominantly influenced by rock weathering processes. A combination of factors, including ion exchange, and anthropogenic activities, shapes the compositional characteristics of the groundwater in the region. The dissolution of calcite due to weathering emerges as the principal source of strontium in the groundwater. While ion exchange processes are not conducive to strontium enrichment in groundwater, their effect is relatively limited. The impact of human activities on the groundwater is minor.

Assessment of water quality suitability for agriculture in a potentially leachate-contaminated region

Aida H Baghanam, Vahid Nourani, Zohre Khodaverdi, Amirreza T Vakili

2024, 12(3): 281-292. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280021

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Abstract:
Dump sites pose a significant threat to groundwater resources due to the possibility of leachate leakage into the aquifer. This study investigated the impact of leachate on groundwater quality in the southwest region of Zanjan City, Iran, where groundwater is utilized for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. We analyzed 18 parameters of dump site leachate, including physicochemical, heavy metals, and bacterial properties, alongside 13 groundwater samples. Sampling was conducted twice, in November 2020 and June 2021, within a five-kilometer radius of the Zanjan dump site. We utilized the Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) to evaluate potential groundwater contamination by leachate leakage from nearby dumpsite. Additionally, due to the predominant agricultural activities in the study area, various indices were employed to assess groundwater quality for agricultural purposes, such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Index (SSI), Kelly Ratio (KR), and Permeability Index (PI). Our analysis revealed no observed contamination related to leachate in the study area according to the LPI results. However, with the persistent pollution threat, implementing sanitary measures at the dump site is crucial to prevent potential impacts on groundwater quality. Moreover, the assessment of groundwater quality adequacy for irrigation yielded satisfactory results for SAR, KR, and PI indices. However, during both the dry (November 2020) and wet seasons (June 2021), the SSP index indicated that 80% of the samples were not classified as excellent, suggesting groundwater may not be suitable for agriculture. Overall, our qualitative study highlights the significant impact of the dry season on groundwater quality in the study area, attributed to elevated concentration levels of the investigated parameters within groundwater sources during the dry season.

Temporal and spatial variations hydrochemical components and driving factors in Baiyangdian Lake in the Northern Plain of China

Tian-lun Zhai, Qian-qian Zhang, Long Wang, Hui-wei Wang

2024, 12(3): 293-308. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280022

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Abstract:
Understanding the temporal and spatial variation of hydrochemical components in large freshwater lakes is crucial for effective management and conversation. In this study, we identify the temporal-spatial characteristics and driving factors of the hydrochemical components in Baiyangdian Lake using geochemical methods (Gibbs diagram, Piper diagram and End-element diagram of ion ratio) and multivariate statistical techniques (Principal component analysis and Correlation analysis). 16 sets of samples were collected from Baiyangdian Lake in May (normal season), July (flood season), and December (dry season) of 2022. Results indicate significant spatial variation in Na⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ , suggesting a strong influence of human activities. Cation concentrations exhibit greater seasonal variation in the dry season compared to the flood season, while the concentrations of the four anions show inconsistent seasonal changes due to the combined effects of river water chemical composition and human activities. The hydrochemical type of Baiyangdian Lake is primarily HCO₃·Cl-Na·Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO₃⁻ originate mainly from silicate and carbonate rock dissolution, while K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ originate mainly from sewage and salt dissolution in sediments. SO₄²⁻ may mainly stem from industrial wastewater, while NO₃⁻ primarily originates from animal feces and domestic sewage. Through the use of Principal Component Analysis, it is identified that water-rock interaction (silicate and carbonate rocks dissolution, and dissolution of salt in sediments), carbonate sedimentation, sewage, agricultural fertilizer and manure, and nitrification are the main driving factors of the variation of hydrochemical components of Baiyangdian Lake across three hydrological seasons. These findings suggest the need for effective control of substandard domestic sewage discharge, optimization of agricultural fertilization strategies, and proper management of animal manure to comprehensively improve the water environment in Baiyangdian Lake.

Evaluation of aquifer hydraulic properties from resistivity and pumping test data in parts of Gwagwalada, Northcentral Nigeria

ILUNGA Nyembwe, AMADI Akobundu Nwanosike, Gilbert NDATIMANA, Nelson OKOT, Raphaël TSHIMANGA Muamba

2024, 12(3): 309-320. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280023

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Population upsurge in Gwagwalada increased water demand in the area, thereby stressing water resources in the area. Aquifer properties in parts of Gwagwalada in North-Central Nigeria were therefore investigated using resistivity and hydrogeological approaches. Static water level measurements of hand dug wells were used to determine the groundwater flow direction for the area which coincides with the North East-South West joint direction. Constant rate pumping test was adopted for the research and 10 boreholes were pumped. The weathered/fractured basement range from 7.5 m to 56.7 m. The transmissivity values in the area ranged from 0.35 m²/d to 3.63 m²/d while the hydraulic conductivity range from 0.045 m/d to 0.18 m/d. The Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out on the area. The geoelectric sections revealed four to five layers and the longitudinal conductance varied from 0.11 Ω⁻¹ to 0.37 Ω⁻¹. The results of the investigation characterized the groundwater potential in the study area into low and moderate while the aquifer protective capacity into weak and moderate zones. The efficacy of resistivity and pumping test data in quantifying aquifer properties has been established in this study. The findings of this study shed light on the properties of ground water and aquifer protective capacity in the area, hence assist in the effective future groundwater resources exploitation.

Progress and prospect of mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology

Jing Hu, Yan-guang Liu, Xin Wang, Ying-nan Zhang, Mei-hua Wei

2024, 12(3): 321-338. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280024

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Abstract:
Mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology is crucial for the sustainable development of geothermal resources, which has garnered significant attention and rapid growth in recent years. Currently, various geothermal reinjection technologies lag behind, lacking effective integration to address issues like low reinjection rates and thermal breakthrough. This paper reviews the basic principles and development history of mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology, focusing on various technical methods used in the process and analyzing their applicability, advantages, and disadvantages under different geological conditions. It highlights the unique challenges posed by deep geothermal resources, including high temperature, high pressure, high stress, chemical corrosion, and complex geological structures. Additionally, it addresses challenges in equipment selection and durability, system stability and operation safety, environmental impact, and sustainable development. Finally, the paper explores future directions for mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology, highlighting key areas for further research and potential pathways for technological innovation. This comprehensive analysis aims to accelerate the advancement of geothermal reinjection technology, offering essential guidance for the efficient reinjection and sustainable development of geothermal resources.

Research on groundwater ecological environment mapping based on ecological service function: A case study of five Central Asian countries and neighboring regions of China

Li-qiang Ge, Yan-pei Cheng, Qing Yi, Xue-ru Wen, Hua Dong, Kun Liu, Jian-kang Zhang

2024, 12(3): 339-346. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280025

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Abstract:
The groundwater system is a unique ecosystem that serves both resource and ecological functions. Hydrogeologists have conducted extensive theoretical research and practical work on groundwater ecological mapping. This paper, based on the study of groundwater resources and surface ecology in the five Central Asian countries and adjacent areas of China, introduces the concept of ecosystem service functions. It establishes a groundwater ecological zoning index system and conducts research of ecological mapping using the five Central Asian countries and adjacent areas of China as examples. Through this process, the ecosystem service functions of groundwater can be more comprehensively reflected, which can better guide regional geological environment protection and industrial planning. This approach helps coordinate the relationship between socio-economic development and water resource protection, maintain the health of the groundwater ecological environment, enhance the value of groundwater ecological services, and promote the sustainable development of regional economies and societies.

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