ILUNGA Nyembwe; AMADI Akobundu Nwanosike; Gilbert NDATIMANA; Nelson OKOT; Raphaël TSHIMANGA Muamba

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280023

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280023

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-11-06
- 录用日期: 2024-05-15
- 网络出版日期: 2024-08-10
- 刊出日期: 2024-09-15

Evaluation of aquifer hydraulic properties from resistivity and pumping test data in parts of Gwagwalada, Northcentral Nigeria

1.
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Oil, Gas and Renewable Energies, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
2.
Depatment of Geology, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
3.
Congo Basin Water Resources Research Center (CRREBaC), University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
4.
Applied Hydrobiology Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Technology, Niger State, Minna PMB 65, 920101, Nigeria
5.
Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management, University of Rwanda, P.O Box: 512, Butare, Huye, Rwanda
6.
Centre for Remote Sensing and GIS, School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba, South-Soudan
7.
Department of Natural Resources Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

More Information

Corresponding author: ds_ilunga@outlook.fr

摘要

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Abstract: Population upsurge in Gwagwalada increased water demand in the area, thereby stressing water resources in the area. Aquifer properties in parts of Gwagwalada in North-Central Nigeria were therefore investigated using resistivity and hydrogeological approaches. Static water level measurements of hand dug wells were used to determine the groundwater flow direction for the area which coincides with the North East-South West joint direction. Constant rate pumping test was adopted for the research and 10 boreholes were pumped. The weathered/fractured basement range from 7.5 m to 56.7 m. The transmissivity values in the area ranged from 0.35 m²/d to 3.63 m²/d while the hydraulic conductivity range from 0.045 m/d to 0.18 m/d. The Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out on the area. The geoelectric sections revealed four to five layers and the longitudinal conductance varied from 0.11 Ω⁻¹ to 0.37 Ω⁻¹. The results of the investigation characterized the groundwater potential in the study area into low and moderate while the aquifer protective capacity into weak and moderate zones. The efficacy of resistivity and pumping test data in quantifying aquifer properties has been established in this study. The findings of this study shed light on the properties of ground water and aquifer protective capacity in the area, hence assist in the effective future groundwater resources exploitation.
- Transmissivity /
- VES /
- Dar Zarrouk Parameters /
- Groundwater Potential /
- Aquifer Protective Capacity

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Figure 1. Location map of the study area (modified from Elimian et al. 2020)

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Figure 2. Geological map of Nigeria (modified from the Nigeria Geological Survey Agency, NGSA, 2004)

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Figure 3. Frequency distribution of the observed curve types in the study area

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Figure 4. Groundwater flow direction map of the area

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Figure 5. Transmissivity-T (m²/d) contour map for the study area

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Figure 8. Groundwater potential map for the study area

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Figure 6. General borehole lithologic log of the area

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Figure 7. Hydraulic conductivity-K (m/d) contour map for the study area

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Figure 9. Aquifer protective capacity map for the study area

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Table 1. Results of resistivity, layer thickness surveys and classification of curve types

S/N	1^st layer		2^nd layer		3^rd layer		4^th layer		5^th layer		Curve type
S/N	h₁/m	ρ₁/Ωm	h₂/m	ρ₂/Ωm	h₃/m	ρ₃/Ωm	h₄/m	ρ₄/Ωm	h₅/m	ρ₅/Ωm	Curve type
VES 1	0.5	1,194.4	8.4	96.5	69.9	446.9	∞	341.0	-	-	HK
VES 2	0.5	367.5	2.7	118.6	13.4	166.4	29.7	771.3	∞	83.7	HAK
VES 3	0.8	404.3	4.7	48.4	15.4	1414.1	∞	5,044.1	-	-	HA
VES 4	1.8	131.0	5.2	13.1	59.2	818.9	∞	265.1	-	-	HK
VES 5	1.4	59.0	2.0	80.5	10.7	33.7	∞	5,378.0	-	-	KH
VES 6	1.0	252.2	6.7	469.6	25.6	157.1	92.2	632.7	∞	365.1	KHK
VES 7	1.3	77.0	3.8	531.1	2.7	159.4	12.7	72.7	∞	8846.5	KQH
VES 8	0.9	128.8	6.8	151.5	31.1	139.5	∞	1,734.7	-	-	KH
VES 9	0.6	153.8	1.4	21.5	12.9	513.4	36.1	163.6	∞	1204.7	HKH
VES 10	1.0	45.0	5.1	138.6	32.5	630.2	∞	5,290.4	-	-	AA

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Table 2. Data obtained from measured hand dug wells within the Study Area

Location	No. of wells tested	Elevation/m	Static water level/m	Depth of well/m	Hydraulic Head/m
Dukpa	9	139–224	0.8–3.1	4–7	135.9–282.5
Gwagwalada	1	214	2.2	5.5	211.8
Passo	6	180–202	0.2–3.5	4.1–5.7	177.5–201.8
Paikon Kore	4	174–184	0.0–5.5	3.2–6	169.5–183.9
Kaida	5	158–192	1.9–2.7	4.4–5.7	155.7–189.3
Koroko	5	154–170	1.8–2.8	3.0–4.9	152.2–167.5

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Table 3. Results of aquifer test parameters

Parameters	Minimum	Maximum	Mean
Borehole depth (m)	124	200	155
SWL (m)	1.2	19.4	6.8
Yield (m³/d)	82.1	319.7	158.5
Drawdown (m)	6.6	84.6	38.7
Drawdown per log cycle (m)	4.8	56	28.6
Weathered/fractured layer thickness (m)	7.5	56.7	18.8
Transmissivity (m²/d)	0.35	3.6	1.36
Hydraulic conductivity (m/d)	0.045	0.18	0.07

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Table 4. Magnitude and variation transmissivity of Krasny classification (Asfahani, 2021)

Coefficient of T/ m²/d	Class	Magnitude	Groundwater supply potential
> 1,000	I	Very high	Withdrawals of great regional importance
1,000−100	II	High	Withdrawals of lesser regional importance
100−10	III	Intermediate	withdrawal for local water supply
10−1	IV	Low	Smaller withdrawal for local water supply
1−0.1	V	Very low	withdrawal for local water supply with limited consumption
< 0.1	VI	Imperceptible	Source for local water supply is difficult

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Table 5. Hydraulic Conductivity Classifications (Sen, 2015)

Km/s	10²	10¹	10⁰	10⁻¹	10⁻²	10⁻³	10⁻⁴	10⁻⁵	10⁻⁶	10⁻⁷	10⁻⁸	10⁻⁹	10⁻¹⁰
Relative permeability	Pervious				Semi-pervious				Impervious
Aquifer	Good					Poor					None
Consolidated rock	Highly fracturated				Oil reservoir rock			Fresh sandstone			Fresh limestone, dolomite		Fresh granite

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Table 6. Relative Errors from pair-wise of transmissivity values

Transmissivity	BH2	BH3	BH4	BH5	BH6	BH7	BH8	BH9	BH10
BH1	74.9	45	8.1	61.4	33.4	23.2	1.3	7	66.5
BH2		54.3	77	90.3	83.3	67.3	75.2	76.6	24.9
BH3			49.5	78.8	63.3	28.3	45.7	48.8	39.2
BH4				58	27.5	29.5	6.9	1.3	69.3
BH5					42.1	70.4	60.9	58.5	87.1
BH6						48.9	32.5	28.4	77.7
BH7							24.2	28.6	56.4
BH8								5.7	67
BH9									68.9

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Table 7. Longitudinal conductance values and aquifer protective capacity

S/N	Longitudinal conductance/Ω⁻¹	Protective capacity
VES 1	0.242981	Moderate
VES 2	0.143161	Weak
VES 3	0.109976	Weak
VES 4	0.326328	Moderate
VES 6	0.326328	Moderate
VES 7	0.215667	Moderate
VES 8	0.274811	Moderate
VES 9	0.314822	Moderate
VES 10	0.11059	Weak

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Table 8. Aquifer protective capacity rating (Nugraha et al. 2022)

Longitudinal conductance/Ω⁻¹	Protective capacity
> 10	Excellet
5−10	Very good
0.7−4.9	Good
0.2−0.69	Moderate
0.1−0.19	Weak
< 0.1	Poor

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