Jing Hu; Yan-guang Liu; Xin Wang; Ying-nan Zhang; Mei-hua Wei

doi:10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280024

doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280024

¹,
^{2, 4, ,},
^{3, 4, ,},
^{3, 4},
⁵

计量
- 文章访问数: 207
- HTML全文浏览量: 101
- PDF下载量: 106
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-12-18
- 录用日期: 2024-06-19
- 网络出版日期: 2024-08-10
- 刊出日期: 2024-09-15

Progress and prospect of mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology

Jing Hu¹,
Yan-guang Liu^{2, 4
, ,},
Xin Wang^{3, 4
, ,},
Ying-nan Zhang^{3, 4},
Mei-hua Wei⁵

1.
Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China
2.
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 3651021, Fujian Province, China
3.
School of Earth science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056009, Hebei Province, China
4.
Technology Innovation Center for Geothermal & Hot Dry Rock Exploration and Development, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
5.
Shanxi Key Laboratory for Exploration and Exploitation of Geothermal Resources, Taiyuan 030024, China

More Information

Corresponding author: gaoyuanzhixing@163.com; wangxin112914@163.com

摘要

- /
- /
- /
- /
Abstract: Mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology is crucial for the sustainable development of geothermal resources, which has garnered significant attention and rapid growth in recent years. Currently, various geothermal reinjection technologies lag behind, lacking effective integration to address issues like low reinjection rates and thermal breakthrough. This paper reviews the basic principles and development history of mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology, focusing on various technical methods used in the process and analyzing their applicability, advantages, and disadvantages under different geological conditions. It highlights the unique challenges posed by deep geothermal resources, including high temperature, high pressure, high stress, chemical corrosion, and complex geological structures. Additionally, it addresses challenges in equipment selection and durability, system stability and operation safety, environmental impact, and sustainable development. Finally, the paper explores future directions for mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology, highlighting key areas for further research and potential pathways for technological innovation. This comprehensive analysis aims to accelerate the advancement of geothermal reinjection technology, offering essential guidance for the efficient reinjection and sustainable development of geothermal resources.
- Middle and deep geothermal /
- Geothermal reinjection /
- Sustainable development /
- Technological progress /
- Research path

HTML全文

Figure 1. Principle of geothermal reinjection and schematic diagram of water quality detection and filtration (Chitgar et al. 2023)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 2. (a) geothermal vertical well and (b) geothermal inclined well (Zhao et al. 2024)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 3. (a) pore type thermal reservoir well structure, (b) bedrock fracture type thermal reservoir well structure (Ma et al. 2008)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 4. Reinjection process principal diagram (Song et al. 2020)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 5. Optimized well distribution mode of deep geothermal centralized production and reinjection (Liu et al. 2020).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 6. Influence of reinjection flow optimization on temperature field change of reservoir (Liu et al. 2022)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Table 1. Advantages, disadvantages and applicability of commonly used drilling techniques (Ma et al. 2014; Zhang and Zhang, 2014)

Drilling processes		Applicability	Advantages	Disadvantages
Positive circulation drilling technique	Drilling fluid	Most geological conditions	Stable borehole, simplicity for the operator, matured technology	Easily polluted reservoirs, high lost circulation costs
	Clean water	Geological conditions with stable formation and low pressure	Fast drilling speed, effective well washing, low reservoir pollution, and low costs	Borehole instability, poor cutting carrying ability
	Clean water filling air	Drilling projects with stable formation, low pressure, and high environmental requirements	Protect reservoirs, reduce lost circulation, increases drilling speed, prevents differential pressure sticking	High technical requirements
Air lift reverse circulation technique		Drilling in loose and collapsible formations	High efficiency, long bit life, good well quality, reliable, continuous core drilling, time-saving	High technical requirements
Directional drilling technique		Drilling in complex formations, deep wells, and multiple target zones	Achieves accurate positioning of the target layer, reduces impact of ground facilities and the environment	High cost, high technical requirements

下载: 导出CSV

Table 2. Advantages, disadvantages and applicability of commonly used completion techniques (Zhao, 2014; Ma et al. 2008; Jiang et al. 2011; Jia et al. 2015)

Well formation technology	Advantages	Disadvantages	Problem	Applicability
Mesh wrapped wire filter pipe into a well	Small diameter, high efficiency, easy to control, well wall stability during drilling	Not suitable for sandstone reservoirs with poor cement and fine grain size.	Can block pores in the filter layer, increasing water resistance and affecting the water output, the reinjection effect is not ideal.	This technology is suitable for geothermal well with better sand consolidation and coarse +particles.
Large diameter wire filter pipe filled with gravel into the well	Effectively increases the diversion area, reduces water resistance, ensures good water output, excellent sand control	Large drilling workload, high cost, deeper drilling depth, higher well completion risk.	Difficult to maintain the stability of the hole wall, high construction risk, challenging to deliver gravel material in deep wells	This technology is often used in shallow geothermal well construction.
Perforating a well	Allows reactivation of target layers that would otherwise remain non-productive.	Underground operations are difficult and costly	Complex and changeable formation environment makes it hard to obtain accurate formation parameters	More suitable for sand-producing reservoirs, fractured reservoir and waterflooding reservoir development.

下载: 导出CSV

Table 3. Advantages, disadvantages and applicability of common reinjection processes

Reinjection process	Applicability	Advantages	Disadvantages
Pressure reinjection	Suitable for most thermal reservoir conditions and large-scale geothermal reinjection projects	Easy to operate and can run quickly, improving efficiency; Reinjection flow rate can be precisely controlled by adjusting the pressure. Mature, reliable systems that are easy to maintain and manage; not limited by the composition of geothermal water and can be applied in different thermal reservoirs.	Requires high pressure pumps and related equipment, increasing energy consumption and safety risks; reauires stronger pipeline during reinjection. Continuous high pressure can cause formation rupture and bubble plugging.
Vacuum reinjection	Typically used in hot reservoirs with high water quality, high temperature and low permeability, or in geothermal fields requiring rapid pressure replenishment	Ensures pure water quality and prevents pollutants from entering the reinjection water. Reduces gas solubility and bubble formation, decreasing the risk of plugging geothermal reservoirs. Avoids pipe and equipment corrosion caused by oxidation during reinjection. Enhances permeability of the reinjection water, reducing injection pressure and resistance, thus improving reinjection efficiency.	Requires professional equipment and personnel leading to high cost. Establishing and maintaining a vacuum environment is time-consuming and energy-intensive, leading to lower production efficiency and higher energy consumption.

下载: 导出CSV

Table 4. Statistics of causes of plugging of geothermal reinjection (Cao et al. 2021)

Clogging cause	Percentage /%
Suspended matter	50
microorganisms	15
chemical precipitation	10
Bubble plugging	10
Clay expansion	5
Particle recombination	5
Other	5

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(68)

Agoun A. 2000. Exploitation of the continental intercalaire aquifer at the Kebili geothermal field, Tunisia. United Nations University: 1−28.

Allen A, Milenic D. 2003. Low-enthalpy geothermal energy resources from groundwater in fluvioglacial gravels of buried valleys. Applied Energy, 74(1): 9−19. DOI: 10.1016/S0306-2619(02)00126-5.

Allis R, Currie S, Leaver J, et al. 1985. Results of injection testing at Wairakei geothermal field, New Zealand. Trans. GRC: 289−294.

Allis RG. 1981. Changes in heat flow associated with exploitation of Wairakei Geothermal Field, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 24(1): 1−19. DOI: 10.1080/00288306.1981.10422694.

Aoyama K, Mogi T, Suzuki K, et al. 2022. Magnetotelluric study on a vapor-dominated geothermal reservoir in the Matsukawa Area, Japan. Geothermics, 101: 102362. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2022.102362.

Axelsson G. 2013. Tracer tests in geothermal resource management. EPJ Web of Conferences, 50: 02001. DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135002001.

Axelsson G, Arnaldsson A, Berthet JCC, et al. 2015. Renewability assessment of the Reykjanes geothermal system, SW-Iceland. Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress.

Bett G, Yasuhiro F. 2023. Integrated geological assessment and numerical simulation for Olkaria's East and Southeast geothermal fields. Geothermics, 109: 102652. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102652.

Bing G. 2021. Experimental study on pumping from a groundwater ground source heat pump recharge well in Tianjin. Gas & Heat, 41(07): 1−3; 41. DOI: 10.13608/j.cnki.1000-4416.2021.07.001.

Božiček B, Lojen S, Dolenec M, et al. 2017. Impacts of deep groundwater monitoring wells on the management of deep geothermal Pre-Neogene aquifers in the Mura-Zala Basin, Northeastern Slovenia. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 5: 193−205. DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2017.07.001.

Brodsky EE, Lajoie LJ. 2013. Anthropogenic seismicity rates and operational parameters at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field. Science, 341(6145): 543−546. DOI: 10.1126/science.1239213.

Cao Q, Fang C, Li Y, et al. 2021. Development status of geothermal reinjection at home and abroad and its enlightenment. Oil Drilling & Production Technology, 43(02): 203−211. DOI: 10.13639/j.odpt.02.011.

Cao V, Schaffer M, Taherdangkoo R, et al. 2020. Solute reactive tracers for hydrogeological applications: A short review and future prospects. Water, 12(3): 653−674. DOI: 10.3390/w12030653.

Cheng L, Luo ZF, Xie YZ, et al. 2023. Numerical simulation and analysis of damage evolution and fracture activation in enhanced tight oil recovery using a THMD coupled model. Computers and Geotechnics, 155: 105244. DOI: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105244.

Cheng W, Liu J, Chen H. 2011. Simulation research on reinjection temperature field of geothermal doublet well. World Geology, 30(03): 486−492. (in Chinese)

Chitgar N, Hemmati A, Sadrzadeh M. 2023. A comparative performance analysis, working fluid selection, and machine learning optimization of ORC systems driven by geothermal energy. Energy Conversion and Management, 286: 117072. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117072.

Diaz AR, Kaya E, Zarrouk SJ. 2016. Reinjection in geothermal fields − A worldwide review update. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53: 105−162. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.151.

Du L, Zhao L, Qiao Y, et al. 2019. Study on the influence of fracture orientation and injection velocity on the micro seepage law of reinjection water in fracture geothermal reservoir. Shandong Chemical Industry, 48(20): 139−141; 146. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.19319/j.cnki.issn.1008-021x.2019.20.052.

Einarsson SS, Vides A, Cuellar G. 1975. Disposal of geothermal waste water by reinjection. 2nd United Nations Symposium on the Development of Geothermal Resources, 2: 1349−1363.

Eysteinsson H. 2000. Elevation and gravity changes at geothermal fields on the Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress: 559−564.

Fan Y, Duan Z, Yang Y, et al. 2023. Impact of reservoir characteristics on the well spacing of sandstone geothermal reservoir: A case study of Jiyang Depression. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology: 1−9. DOI: 10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202301033.

Finger JT, Blankenship DA. 2012. Handbook of best practices for geothermal drilling. Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). DOI: 10.2172/1325261.

Fu GQ, Li ZQ, Zhang QJ, et al. 2024. The applications of WFEM in the exploration of medium-depth geothermal resources. Energies, 17(8): 1904. DOI: 10.3390/en17081904.

Hanano M. 2003. Sustainable steam production in the Matsukawa geothermal field, Japan. Geothermics, 32(3): 311−324. DOI:10.1016/ s0375-6505(03)00023-3.

He ZL, Feng JY, Luo J, et al. 2023. Distribution, exploitation, and utilization of intermediate-to-deep geothermal resources in eastern China. Energy Geoscience, 4(4): 100187. DOI: 10.1016/j.engeos.2023.100187.

Jia Z, Zhang F, Yang Z, et al. 2015. Application of perforation technology in the porous geothermal reinjection well. Ground water, 37(02): 106−109. (in Chinese).

Jiang G, Cheng W, Wang L, et al. Application effect analysis of large diameter gravel filling technology for sandstone geothermal reinjection well. Geothermal Energy Development and Utilization and Low Carbon Economy Seminar -- the 14th session of the 13th Annual Meeting of the China Association for Science and Technology, 2011 Tianjin. 213−218.

Jin WC, Atkinson TA, Doughty C, et al. 2022. Machine-learning-assisted high-temperature reservoir thermal energy storage optimization. Renewable Energy, 197: 384−397. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.118.

Kamila Z, Kaya E, Zarrouk SJ. 2021. Reinjection in geothermal fields: An updated worldwide review 2020. Geothermics, 89: 1−88. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101970.

Kaspereit D, Mann M, Sanyal S, et al. 2016. Updated conceptual model and reserve estimate for the Salton Sea geothermal field, Imperial Valley, California. Geotherm. Res. Council Trans, 40: 57−66.

Kaya E, Zarrouk SJ, O'Sullivan MJ. 2011. Reinjection in geothermal fields: A review of worldwide experience. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(1): 47−68. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.032.

Kong Y, Pang Z, Shao H, et al. 2020. Cost-oriented optimization on the multi-well layout for geothermal production and reinjection. Science & Technology for Development, 16(Z1): 316−322. (in Chinese)

Kuo CH, Song SR, Rose P, et al. 2018. Reactive tracer experiments in a low temperature geothermal field, Yilan, Taiwan. Geothermics, 74: 298−304. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2017.11.017.

Li HL, Kang J, Tong J, et al. State-of-art on clogging mechanism of geothermal tall-water reinjection. 2021 Science and Technology Annual Conference of Chinese Society of Environmental Sciences - Environmental Engineering Technology Innovation and Application Branch Venue, 2021 Tianjin. 782−790. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.26914/c.cnkihy.2021.022020.

Li ST, Wen DG, Feng B, et al. 2023. Numerical optimization of geothermal energy extraction from deep karst reservoir in North China. Renewable Energy, 202: 1071−1085. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.12.016.

Li TX, Cai YF, Liu YG, et al. 2020. Tracer test and simulation of thermal energy storage in carbonate rocks of the Xian County geothermal field. Earth Science Frontiers, 27(01): 152−158. DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.2020.1.16.

Liu GH, Wang GL, Zhao ZH, et al. 2020. A new well pattern of cluster-layout for deep geothermal reservoirs: Case study from the Dezhou geothermal field, China. Renewable Energy, 155: 484−499. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.156.

Liu Y, Liu G, Zhao Z, et al. 2019a. Theoretical model of geothermal tail water reinjection based on an equivalent flow channel model: A case study in Xianxian, North China Plain. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 37(2): 849−864. DOI:10.1177/014459871882 2401.

Liu YG, Long XT, Liu F. 2022. Tracer test and design optimization of doublet system of carbonate geothermal reservoirs. Geothermics, 105: 102533. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2022.102533.

Lopez S, Hamm V, Le Brun M, et al. 2010. 40 years of Dogger aquifer management in Ile-de-France, Paris Basin, France. Geothermics, 39(4): 339−356. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2010.09.005.

Ma XM, Chen Y, Qi LH. 2014. Research and application of gas-lift reverse circulation drilling technology to geothermal well construction in Dalian Jiaoliu Island. Procedia Engineering, 73: 252−257. DOI:10.1016/ j.proeng.2014.06.195.

Ma YS. 2023. Deep geothermal resources in China: Potential, distribution, exploitation, and utilization. Energy Geoscience, 4(4): 100209. DOI: 10.1016/j.engeos.2023.100209.

Ma Z, Pang H, Wang Y, et al. 2008. Geothermal well drilling and completion in Tianjin Area. Drilling Engineering, 35(12): 9−11. (in Chinese)

Rodriguez-Gomez C, Kereszturi G, Jeyakumar P, et al. 2023. Remote exploration and monitoring of geothermal sources: A novel method for foliar element mapping using hyperspectral (VNIR-SWIR) remote sensing. Geothermics, 111: 102716. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102716.

Shi HL, Wang GL, Lu C. 2023. Numerical investigation on delaying thermal breakthrough by regulating reinjection fluid path in multi-aquifer geothermal system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 221: 119692. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119692.

Song W, Liu XX, Zheng TF, et al. 2020. A review of recharge and clogging in sandstone aquifer. Geothermics, 87: 101857. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101857.

Song XZ, Li GS, Huang ZW, et al. 2023. Review of high-temperature geothermal drilling and exploitation technologies. Gondwana Research, 122: 315−330. DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2022.10.013.

Stefansson VD. 1997. Geothermal reinjection experience. Geothermics, 26(1): 99−139. DOI: 10.1016/S0375-6505(96)00035-1.

Tang JP, Qiu YM. 2023. Analysis of the influence of the distance between producing Wells on the enhancedgeothermal system. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 40(01): 126−132. (in Chinese)

Wang GL, Lu C. 2023. Stimulation technology development of hot dry rock and enhanced geothermal system driven by carbon neutrality target. Geology and Resources, 32(01): 85−95; 126. DOI: 10.13686/j.cnki.dzyzy.2023.01.011.

Wang JC, Zhao ZH, Liu GH, et al. 2022. A robust optimization approach of well placement for doublet in heterogeneous geothermal reservoirs using random forest technique and genetic algorithm. Energy, 254: 124427. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124427.

Wang Y, Liu YG, Bian K, et al. 2021a. Influence of low temperature tail water reinjection on seepage and heat transfer of carbonate reservoirs. Energy Exploration and Exploitation, 39(6): 2062−2079. DOI: 10.1177/01445987211020416.

Wang YJ, Ma F, Xie HP, et al. 2021b. Fracture characteristics and heat accumulation of Jixianian carbonate reservoirs in the Rongcheng geothermal field, Xiong'an New Area. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 95(6): 1902−1914. DOI: 10.1111/1755-6724.14878.

Xi B, Zhao J, Zhao Y, et al. 2011. Key technologies of hot dry rock drilling during construction. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 30(11): 2234−2243. (in Chinese)

Xia YB, Wang B, Zhang FN, et al. 2023. Optimization and transformation of water treatment technology for surface water reinjection into geothermal reservoir in Dongli Lake area of Tianjin. Energy Reports, 9: 25−29. DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.11.162.

Xue Y, Liu S, Chai JR, et al. 2023. Effect of water-cooling shock on fracture initiation and morphology of high-temperature granite: Application of hydraulic fracturing to enhanced geothermal systems. Applied Energy, 337: 120858. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120858.

Yu C, Cheng K, Huang ZW, et al. 2024. Experimental study on reinjection enhancement of sandstone with radial wells. Geothermics, 120: 102972. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.102972.

Yu C, Zhang YQ, Tan YW, et al. 2023. Simulation study of novel methods for water reinjection efficiency improvement of a doublet system in guantao sandstone geothermal reservoir. Geothermics, 111: 102709. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102709.

Yue G, Wang G, Ma F, et al. 2021. Evaluation of fault slip probability of geothermal large-scale development: A case study of deep karst geothermal reservoir in Xiong'an New Area. Geology in China, 48(5): 1382−1391. DOI: 10.12029/gc20210505.

Zhang JC, Chen L, Sun YH, et al. 2024a. Geothermal resource distribution and prospects for development and utilization in China. Natural Gas Industry, 11(1): 6−18. DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2024.01.001.

Zhang L, Geng S, Chao J, et al. 2021a. Corrosion risk assessment of geothermal reinjection wellbore in Xining Basin, China. Geothermics, 90: 101995. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101995.

Zhang SY, Jiang ZJ, Zhang SS, et al. 2021b. Well placement optimization for large-scale geothermal energy exploitation considering nature hydro-thermal processes in the Gonghe Basin, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 317: 128391. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128391.

Zhang YN, Liu YG, Bian K, et al. 2024b. Development status and prospect of underground thermal energy storage technology. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 12(1): 92−108. DOI: 10.26599/jgse.2024.9280008.

Zhang Y and Zhang JL. 2014. Technical improvements and application of air-lift reverse circulation drilling technology to ultra-deep geothermal well. Procedia Engineering, 73: 243−251. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.194.

Zhao N. 2014. A study of the geological characteristics of the Neogene porous in Tianjin and geothermal reinjection well completion techniques. M. S. thesis. Beijing: China University of Geosciences (Beijing): 30−60. (in Chinese).

Zhao WT, Liu LB, Li J, et al. 2024. Reinjection modeling in sandstone geothermal reservoirs: A case study of Dezhou geothermal heating demonstration project. Natural Gas Industry B, 11(1): 106−120. DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2024.01.003.

Zhao Z, Liu G, Tan X, et al. 2017. Theoretical model of geothermal tail water reinjection based on the equivalent flow channel model. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 44(03): 158−164. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.2017.03.23.

Zhou LM, Zhu ZD, Xie XH, et al. 2022. Coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical model for an enhanced geothermal system and numerical analysis of its heat mining performance. Renewable Energy, 181: 1440−1458. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.10.014.

[1]	Man Li, Wei Zhang, Yu-zhong Liao, Feng Liu, Long Li2025: Evaluation of the scaling and corrosion in Tai'an geothermal water, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2025.9280044
[2]	Xin Wang, Guo-qiang Zhou, Yan-guang Liu, Ying-nan Zhang, Mei-hua Wei, Kai Bian2024: Research progress on temperature field evolution of hot reservoirs under low-temperature tailwater reinjection, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 12, 205-222. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2024.9280016
[3]	ZHANG Ying, LUO Jun, FENG Jian-yun2020: Characteristics of geothermal reservoirs and utilization of geothermal resources in the southeastern coastal areas of China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 134-142. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.02.005
[4]	KANG Wen-kai, LIU Feng, YANG Fei-fan, WANG Hua-jun2020: Simulation of heat transfer performance using middle-deep coaxial borehole heat exchangers by FEFLOW, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 315-327. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.04.002
[5]	GUO Hao, QIAN Yong, YUAN Guang-xiang, WANG Chun-xiao2020: Research progress on the soil vapor extraction, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 57-66. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.01.006
[6]	WANG Yan, LIU Yan-guang, BIAN Kai, ZHANG Hong-liang, QIN Shen-jun, WANG Xiao-jun2020: Seepage-heat transfer coupling process of low temperature return water injected into geothermal reservoir in carbonate rocks in Xian County, China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 8, 305-314. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2020.04.001
[7]	FENG Jian-yun, ZHANG Ying, HE Zhi-liang, SUN Zi-ming, LUO Jun2019: Discussion on evaluation methodology of hydrothermal geothermal reservoir, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 7, 29-41. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2019.01.003
[8]	ZENG Tu-rong2019: Research on basic characteristics of 2H, 18O and 14C in geothermal fluid in Guangdong Province, China, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 7, 42-52. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2019.01.004
[9]	WANG Shu-fang, LIU Jiu-rong, SUN Ying, LIU Shi-liang, GAO Xiao-rong, SUN Cai-xia, LI Hai-kui2018: Study on the geothermal production and reinjection mode in Xiong County, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 6, 178-186. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2018.03.003
[10]	LIU Yu, CHENG Yan-pei, GE Li-qiang2018: Analysis on exploitation status, potential and strategy of groundwater resources in the five countries of Central Asia, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 6, 49-57. doi: 10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2018.01.006
[11]	ZHU Wei, TANG Wen, LIU Qiang, ZHANG Mei-gui2017: Analysis on variation characteristics of geothermal response in Liaoning Province, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5, 336-342.
[12]	LIU Yan-guang, LIU Bing, LU Chuan, ZHU Xi, WANG Gui-ling2017: Reconstruction of deep fluid chemical constituents for estimation of geothermal reservoir temperature using chemical geothermometers, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5, 173-181.
[13]	GAN Hao-nan, LIN Wen-jing, YUE Gao-fan, WANG Xiao, MA Feng, WANG Gui-ling2017: Research on the fault controlling mechanism of geothermal water in Zhangzhou Basin, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5, 326-335.
[14]	MA Zhi-yuan, XU Yong, ZHAI Mei-jing, WU Min2017: Clogging mechanism in the process of reinjection of used geothermal water: A simulation research on Xianyang No.2 reinjection well in a super-deep and porous geothermal reservoir, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5, 311-325.
[15]	LIU Qi, JIANG Si-min, PU Ye-feng, ZHANG Wei2016: Hydro-geochemical simulation of the mixing balance of exploitation and reinjection of geothermal fluid, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 81-87.
[16]	LI Na, WANG Kui-feng2016: Evaluation of coordinated development of regional resources and economy around Shandong Peninsula urban agglomerations, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 4, 220-228.
[17]	LIU Kai, SUN Ying, LI Yu, LIU Jiu-rong, LIU Ying-chao2014: Zonation for exploitation and utilization of geothermal water in Beijing, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 2, 94-104.
[18]	YUE Chen, CUI Ya-li, SHAO Jing-li, DONG Xiang, RAO Rong2014: Research Progress of the Geological Environment in Ecological Planning, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 2, 47-53.
[19]	LI Yu, CUI Yu, SUN Ying, LI Zhi-ping, WANG Xin-juan, WANG Li-ya, YANG Qing, WANG Rong2014: Sustainable utilization measures of groundwater resources in Beijing, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 2, 60-66.
[20]	CHEN Qu2014: Anticipatory Adaptation Approaches to Climate Change--A Review and Discussion of Southern Australia’s Sustainable Water Management and Its Strategies and Shortcomings, Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 2, 54-61.