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Delineation of groundwater potential zones in Wadi Saida Watershed of NW-Algeria using remote sensing, geographic information system-based AHP techniques and geostatistical analysis
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Abstract: Sustainable management of groundwater resources has now become an obligation, especially in arid and semi-arid regions given the socio-economic importance of this resource. The optimization in zoning for groundwater exploitation helps in planning and managing groundwater supply works such as boreholes and wells in the catchment. The objective of this study is to use remote sensing and GIS-based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques to evaluate the groundwater potential of Wadi Saida Watershed. Spatial analysis such as geostatistics was also used to validate results and ensure more accuracy. Through the GIS tools and remote sensing technique, earth observation data were converted into thematic layers such as lineament density, geology, drainage density, slope, land use and rainfall, which were combined to delineate groundwater potential zones. Based on their respective impact on groundwater potential, the AHP approach was adopted to assign weights on multi-influencing factors. These results will enable decision-makers to optimize hydrogeological exploration in large-scale catchment areas and map areas. According to the results, the southern part of the Wadi Saida Watershed is characterized as a higher groundwater potential area, where 32% of the total surface area falls in the excellent and good class of groundwater potential. The validation process revealed a 71% agreement between the estimated and actual yield of the existing boreholes in the study area.
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Figure 1. Location map of the study area (Kessar et al. 2020)
Figure 2. Flowchart of methodology adopted for delineation of groundwater potential zones
Figure 3. Geological map of Wadi Saida Watershed (After NAHR, 2008)
Figure 4. Different lithological discrimination process applied to the Landsat 8 image: (a) RGB (432), (b) RGB (742), (c) RGB (753), (d) Band ratios (6/2, 5/3, 4/2), (e) PCA (PC1, PC2, PC3)
Figure 7. Directional rosette of lineaments length as percent of total lineament length
Table 1. Random indices for matrices of various sizes (Alonso and Lamata, 2006)
N 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 RI 0.524 5 0.881 5 1.108 6 1.247 9 1.341 7 1.405 6 1.449 9 1.485 4 1.514 1 1.536 5 
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Table 2. Calculation of effects and rates of factors affecting groundwater potentiality (Saaty, 1980)
Option Numerical value (s) Equal 1 Strong 3 Strong 5 Very strong 7 Extremly strong 9 Intermediate values 2, 4, 6, 8 Reflecting dominance of second alternative compared with the first Reciprocals
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Table 3. Pairwise comparison matrix and percent normalized weights of used criteria
Matrix Dd G Lu R S Ld Dd 1 0.53 1 0.33 0.68 0.15 G 1.9 1 3.88 0.72 1.9 0.21 Lu 1 0.26 1 0.34 0.78 0.16 R 3 1.38 2.91 1 2.04 0.72 S 1.48 0.53 1.28 0.49 1 0.16 Ld 6.88 4.83 6.35 1.38 6.35 1
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Table 4. Classification of influencing factors for groundwater potential zones
Influencing factors Category class Rank Rating Normalized weight (%) Lineament density (km/km2) > 2 5 Very good 44.80 1.5~2 4 Good 1~1.5 3 Moderate 0.5~1 2 Poor 0~0.5 1 Very poor Geology Alluvium 5 Very good 14.47 Limestone 4 Good Sandstone 3 Moderate Granites 1 Very poor Rainfall (mm) > 330 5 Very good 20.44 315~330 4 Good 300~315 3 Moderate < 300 2 Poor Slope (°) 0~3 5 Very good 8.09 3~7 4 Good 7~12.5 3 Moderate 12.5~25 2 Poor > 25 1 Very poor Drainage density (km/km2) > 3 5 Very good 6.29 2.5~3 4 Good < 2.5 3 Moderate Land use Forest 5 Very good 5.91 Schrub land 4 Good Agriculture 3 Moderate Barren land 2 Poor Built up 1 Very poor
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Table 5. Area statistics of groundwater potential zones
S.N GWP class Area (km2) Percentage from total area 1 Poor 11.56 1.85 2 Moderate 410.77 65.76 3 Good 188.21 30.13 4 Very Good 14.12 2.26
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Table 6. Model characteristics
Parameter Valor Nugget effect 492.05 Type Gaussian Major range 4 506.48 Sill 1 293.48 Lag size 626.73 Number of lags 12
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Table 7. Correlation function characteristics
Function 0.096X+26.60 Samples 47 of 47 R2 0.87 Standard average error 40.97
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Table 8. Accuracy assessment of groundwater potential zone map with optimum yield data
Well N° Actual yield (m3/h) Actural yield class Estimated yield (m3/h) Estimated yield class (Kriging map) Estimated yield class (GWP map) Agreement estimated-actual yields description 01 21.6 Moderate 28.0 Moderate Moderate Agree 02 86.4 Very good 68.8 Good Moderate Partially agree 03 3.6 Poor 5.8 Poor Very good Disagree 04 3.6 Poor 9.0 Poor Moderate Disagree 05 36.0 Moderate 57.5 Good Good Agree 06 7.2 Poor 12.3 Poor Moderate Disagree 07 14.4 Poor 8.9 Poor Good Disagree 08 7.2 Poor 8.7 Poor Moderate Disagree 09 7.2 Poor 18.8 Moderate Good Disagree 10 93.6 Very good 89.3 Very good Good Partially agree 11 133.2 Very good 90.0 Very good Good Partially agree 12 10.8 Poor 20.8 Moderate Moderate Agree 13 36.0 Moderate 41.2 Moderate Moderate Agree 14 108.0 Very good 84.1 Very good Moderate Agree 15 25.2 Moderate 28.4 Moderate Good Agree 16 18.0 Moderate 31.7 Moderate Moderate Agree 17 18.0 Moderate 21.6 Moderate Moderate Agree 18 54.0 Good 46.3 Moderate Moderate Agree 19 28.8 Moderate 28.0 Moderate Moderate Agree 20 36.0 Moderate 36.8 Moderate Moderate Agree 21 36.0 Moderate 36.8 Moderate Moderate Agree
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