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Evaluation of shallow geothermal energy resources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain based on land use
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Abstract: To discover the characteristics, distribution and potential of shallow geothermal energy in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain area. This paper, based on a large amount of data collection and field investigations, evaluateed the shallow-layer geothermal energy in the study area through the analytic hierarchy process and comprehensive index method. Based on suitability zoning results superimposed with 1:100000 land use data, the study area is divided into encouraged, controlled, restricted and prospective mining areas regarding the development of shallow geothermal energy, and the economic availability of shallow geothermal energy in the encouraged and controlled areas are evaluated. The results show that the shallow geothermal energy in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain can meet the heating and cooling demand of 6×108 m2 of buildings, equivalent to 1.15×107 t of standard coal, thus reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 2.73×107 t and reducing sulfur dioxide emissions by 1.95×105 t. According to the development and utilization mode, the energy demand level and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development plan, the development and utilization of geothermal resources in the plain area has two types: Urban concentrated mining areas and rural scattered mining areas. The scale and level of intensive utilization of regional geothermal resources are of great significance.
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Figure 2. Flow chart of shallow geothermal resources evaluation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain
Figure 8. Development and utilization zoning for shallow geothermal energy in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region
Table 1. GWHP suitability evaluation index classification quantitative standard
Project Weight coefficient Element grading Value assignment Aquifer recharge capacity (%) (considering the proportion of extraction and
irrigation wells)0.310 6 ≤30 3 30-50 6 50-70 8 ≥70 9 Aquifer yield capacity (m3/h·m)
(expressed in unit flow rate)0.310 6 5-10 6 10-30 8 ≥30 9 Depth of groundwater
level (m)0.149 9 ≤10 3 10-15 5 15-25 7 ≥25 5 Salinity (g/L) 0.116 8 ≥2 1 1-2 5 ≤1 9 Aquifer structure 0.062 1 Medium coarse sand with pebbles 3 Coarse sand 6 Fine sand, medium fine sand, silt sand 9 Groundwater runoff conditions (m/d)
(expressed by permeability coefficient)0.050 0 ≤10 3 10-20 5 20-50 7 
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Table 2. GCHP suitability evaluation index classification quantitative standard
Project Weight coefficient Grade Value assignment Quaternary thickness (m) 0.237 1 ≤30 1 30-100 5 ≥100 9 Effective thickness of aquifer (m) 0.094 1 ≥40 9 20-40 5 ≤20 3 Groundwater runoff conditions (expressed by permeability coefficient) 0.149 4 ≤10 1 10-20 3 20-50 5 50-100 7 ≥100 9 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·℃) 0.270 3 ≤1.5 3 1.5-1.7 5 ≥1.7 7 Specific heat (kJ/kg·℃) 0.135 1 ≥1.7 9 1.7-1.4 5 ≤1.2 1 Formation lithology 0.114 0 Coarse sand layer in gravel 3 Silt 9 Fine medium sand 3 Fine sand 6
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Table 3. Heating (cooling) areas of economically usable amount of shallow geothermal energy in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei
Area Heating (cooling) area of GWHP (108 m2) Heating (cooling) area of GCHP (108 m2) Comprehensive heating
(cooling) area (108 m2)Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter Beijing 1.41 0.92 1.74 0.92 1.63 0.92 Tianjin 0.65 0.41 5.44 2.86 3.84 2.04 Baoding 0.98 0.63 1.61 0.86 1.4 0.78 Langfang 0.32 0.21 0.81 0.41 0.65 0.34 Shijiazhuang 0.46 0.29 0.51 0.26 0.49 0.27 Hengshui 0.09 0.06 0.73 0.45 0.52 0.32 Cangzhou 0.07 0.04 1.23 0.70 0.84 0.48 Xingtai 0.22 0.15 0.63 0.40 0.49 0.32 Handan 0.19 0.12 0.47 0.31 0.38 0.25 Tangshan 0.30 0.19 1.00 0.43 0.77 0.35 Qinhuangdao 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.05 0.09 0.04 Total 4.74 3.05 14.28 7.65 11.1 6.12
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